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EXEC(3) Linux Programmer's Manual EXEC(3)
NAME
execl, execlp, execle, execv, execvp - execute a file
SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>
extern char **environ;
int execl(const char *path, const char *arg, ...);
int execlp(const char *file, const char *arg, ...);
int execle(const char *path, const char *arg,
..., char * const envp[]);
int execv(const char *path, char *const argv[]);
int execvp(const char *file, char *const argv[]);
DESCRIPTION
The exec() family of functions replaces the current process image with a new pro-
cess image. The functions described in this manual page are front-ends for the
function execve(2). (See the manual page for execve() for detailed information
about the replacement of the current process.)
The initial argument for these functions is the pathname of a file which is to be
executed.
The const char *arg and subsequent ellipses in the execl(), execlp(), and execle()
functions can be thought of as arg0, arg1, ..., argn. Together they describe a
list of one or more pointers to null-terminated strings that represent the argument
list available to the executed program. The first argument, by convention, should
point to the filename associated with the file being executed. The list of argu-
ments must be terminated by a NULL pointer, and, since these are variadic func-
tions, this pointer must be cast (char *) NULL.
The execv() and execvp() functions provide an array of pointers to null-terminated
strings that represent the argument list available to the new program. The first
argument, by convention, should point to the filename associated with the file
being executed. The array of pointers must be terminated by a NULL pointer.
The execle() function also specifies the environment of the executed process by
following the NULL pointer that terminates the list of arguments in the parameter
list or the pointer to the argv array with an additional parameter. This addi-
tional parameter is an array of pointers to null-terminated strings and must be
terminated by a NULL pointer. The other functions take the environment for the new
process image from the external variable environ in the current process.
Some of these functions have special semantics.
The functions execlp() and execvp() will duplicate the actions of the shell in
searching for an executable file if the specified filename does not contain a slash
(/) character. The search path is the path specified in the environment by the
PATH variable. If this variable isn't specified, the default path
'':/bin:/usr/bin'' is used. In addition, certain errors are treated specially.
If permission is denied for a file (the attempted execve() returned EACCES), these
functions will continue searching the rest of the search path. If no other file is
found, however, they will return with the global variable errno set to EACCES.
If the header of a file isn't recognized (the attempted execve() returned ENOEXEC),
these functions will execute the shell with the path of the file as its first argu-
ment. (If this attempt fails, no further searching is done.)
RETURN VALUE
If any of the exec() functions returns, an error will have occurred. The return
value is -1, and the global variable errno will be set to indicate the error.
FILES
/bin/sh
ERRORS
All of these functions may fail and set errno for any of the errors specified for
the library function execve(2).
SEE ALSO
sh(1), execve(2), fork(2), ptrace(2), fexecve(3), environ(7)
COMPATIBILITY
On some other systems the default path (used when the environment does not contain
the variable PATH) has the current working directory listed after /bin and
/usr/bin, as an anti-Trojan-horse measure. Linux uses here the traditional "current
directory first" default path.
The behavior of execlp() and execvp() when errors occur while attempting to execute
the file is historic practice, but has not traditionally been documented and is not
specified by the POSIX standard. BSD (and possibly other systems) do an automatic
sleep and retry if ETXTBSY is encountered. Linux treats it as a hard error and
returns immediately.
Traditionally, the functions execlp() and execvp() ignored all errors except for
the ones described above and ENOMEM and E2BIG, upon which they returned. They now
return if any error other than the ones described above occurs.
CONFORMING TO
POSIX.1-2001.
BSD MANPAGE 1993-11-29 EXEC(3)
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