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FONTS-CONF(5) FONTS-CONF(5)
NAME
fonts.conf - Font configuration files
SYNOPSIS
/etc/fonts/fonts.conf
/etc/fonts/fonts.dtd
/etc/fonts/conf.d
~/.fonts.conf
DESCRIPTION
Fontconfig is a library designed to provide system-wide font configuration, cus-
tomization and application access.
FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW
Fontconfig contains two essential modules, the configuration module which builds an
internal configuration from XML files and the matching module which accepts font
patterns and returns the nearest matching font.
FONT CONFIGURATION
The configuration module consists of the FcConfig datatype, libexpat and FcConfig-
Parse which walks over an XML tree and amends a configuration with data found
within. From an external perspective, configuration of the library consists of
generating a valid XML tree and feeding that to FcConfigParse. The only other
mechanism provided to applications for changing the running configuration is to add
fonts and directories to the list of application-provided font files.
The intent is to make font configurations relatively static, and shared by as many
applications as possible. It is hoped that this will lead to more stable font
selection when passing names from one application to another. XML was chosen as a
configuration file format because it provides a format which is easy for external
agents to edit while retaining the correct structure and syntax.
Font configuration is separate from font matching; applications needing to do their
own matching can access the available fonts from the library and perform private
matching. The intent is to permit applications to pick and choose appropriate
functionality from the library instead of forcing them to choose between this
library and a private configuration mechanism. The hope is that this will ensure
that configuration of fonts for all applications can be centralized in one place.
Centralizing font configuration will simplify and regularize font installation and
customization.
FONT PROPERTIES
While font patterns may contain essentially any properties, there are some well
known properties with associated types. Fontconfig uses some of these properties
for font matching and font completion. Others are provided as a convenience for
the applications' rendering mechanism.
Property Type Description
--------------------------------------------------------------
family String Font family names
familylang String Languages corresponding to each family
style String Font style. Overrides weight and slant
stylelang String Languages corresponding to each style
fullname String Font full names (often includes style)
fullnamelang String Languages corresponding to each fullname
slant Int Italic, oblique or roman
weight Int Light, medium, demibold, bold or black
size Double Point size
width Int Condensed, normal or expanded
aspect Double Stretches glyphs horizontally before hinting
pixelsize Double Pixel size
spacing Int Proportional, dual-width, monospace or charcell
foundry String Font foundry name
antialias Bool Whether glyphs can be antialiased
hinting Bool Whether the rasterizer should use hinting
hintstyle Int Automatic hinting style
verticallayout Bool Use vertical layout
autohint Bool Use autohinter instead of normal hinter
globaladvance Bool Use font global advance data
file String The filename holding the font
index Int The index of the font within the file
ftface FT_Face Use the specified FreeType face object
rasterizer String Which rasterizer is in use
outline Bool Whether the glyphs are outlines
scalable Bool Whether glyphs can be scaled
scale Double Scale factor for point->pixel conversions
dpi Double Target dots per inch
rgba Int unknown, rgb, bgr, vrgb, vbgr,
none - subpixel geometry
minspace Bool Eliminate leading from line spacing
charset CharSet Unicode chars encoded by the font
lang String List of RFC-3066-style languages this
font supports
fontversion Int Version number of the font
capability String List of layout capabilities in the font
embolden Bool Rasterizer should synthetically embolden the font
FONT MATCHING
Fontconfig performs matching by measuring the distance from a provided pattern to
all of the available fonts in the system. The closest matching font is selected.
This ensures that a font will always be returned, but doesn't ensure that it is
anything like the requested pattern.
Font matching starts with an application constructed pattern. The desired
attributes of the resulting font are collected together in a pattern. Each prop-
erty of the pattern can contain one or more values; these are listed in priority
order; matches earlier in the list are considered "closer" than matches later in
the list.
The initial pattern is modified by applying the list of editing instructions spe-
cific to patterns found in the configuration; each consists of a match predicate
and a set of editing operations. They are executed in the order they appeared in
the configuration. Each match causes the associated sequence of editing operations
to be applied.
After the pattern has been edited, a sequence of default substitutions are per-
formed to canonicalize the set of available properties; this avoids the need for
the lower layers to constantly provide default values for various font properties
during rendering.
The canonical font pattern is finally matched against all available fonts. The
distance from the pattern to the font is measured for each of several properties:
foundry, charset, family, lang, spacing, pixelsize, style, slant, weight,
antialias, rasterizer and outline. This list is in priority order -- results of
comparing earlier elements of this list weigh more heavily than later elements.
There is one special case to this rule; family names are split into two bindings;
strong and weak. Strong family names are given greater precedence in the match
than lang elements while weak family names are given lower precedence than lang
elements. This permits the document language to drive font selection when any doc-
ument specified font is unavailable.
The pattern representing that font is augmented to include any properties found in
the pattern but not found in the font itself; this permits the application to pass
rendering instructions or any other data through the matching system. Finally, the
list of editing instructions specific to fonts found in the configuration are
applied to the pattern. This modified pattern is returned to the application.
The return value contains sufficient information to locate and rasterize the font,
including the file name, pixel size and other rendering data. As none of the
information involved pertains to the FreeType library, applications are free to use
any rasterization engine or even to take the identified font file and access it
directly.
The match/edit sequences in the configuration are performed in two passes because
there are essentially two different operations necessary -- the first is to modify
how fonts are selected; aliasing families and adding suitable defaults. The second
is to modify how the selected fonts are rasterized. Those must apply to the
selected font, not the original pattern as false matches will often occur.
FONT NAMES
Fontconfig provides a textual representation for patterns that the library can both
accept and generate. The representation is in three parts, first a list of family
names, second a list of point sizes and finally a list of additional properties:
<families>-<point sizes>:<name1>=<values1>:<name2>=<values2>...
Values in a list are separated with commas. The name needn't include either fami-
lies or point sizes; they can be elided. In addition, there are symbolic constants
that simultaneously indicate both a name and a value. Here are some examples:
Name Meaning
----------------------------------------------------------
Times-12 12 point Times Roman
Times-12:bold 12 point Times Bold
Courier:italic Courier Italic in the default size
Monospace:matrix=1 .1 0 1 The users preferred monospace font
with artificial obliquing
The '\', '-', ':' and ',' characters in family names must be preceeded by a '\'
character to avoid having them misinterpreted. Similarly, values containing '\',
'=', '_', ':' and ',' must also have them preceeded by a '\' character. The '\'
characters are stripped out of the family name and values as the font name is read.
DEBUGGING APPLICATIONS
To help diagnose font and applications problems, fontconfig is built with a large
amount of internal debugging left enabled. It is controlled by means of the
FC_DEBUG environment variable. The value of this variable is interpreted as a num-
ber, and each bit within that value controls different debugging messages.
Name Value Meaning
---------------------------------------------------------
MATCH 1 Brief information about font matching
MATCHV 2 Extensive font matching information
EDIT 4 Monitor match/test/edit execution
FONTSET 8 Track loading of font information at startup
CACHE 16 Watch cache files being written
CACHEV 32 Extensive cache file writing information
PARSE 64 (no longer in use)
SCAN 128 Watch font files being scanned to build caches
SCANV 256 Verbose font file scanning information
MEMORY 512 Monitor fontconfig memory usage
CONFIG 1024 Monitor which config files are loaded
LANGSET 2048 Dump char sets used to construct lang values
OBJTYPES 4096 Display message when value typechecks fail
Add the value of the desired debug levels together and assign that (in base 10) to
the FC_DEBUG environment variable before running the application. Output from these
statements is sent to stdout.
LANG TAGS
Each font in the database contains a list of languages it supports. This is com-
puted by comparing the Unicode coverage of the font with the orthography of each
language. Languages are tagged using an RFC-3066 compatible naming and occur in
two parts -- the ISO 639 language tag followed a hyphen and then by the ISO 3166
country code. The hyphen and country code may be elided.
Fontconfig has orthographies for several languages built into the library. No pro-
vision has been made for adding new ones aside from rebuilding the library. It
currently supports 122 of the 139 languages named in ISO 639-1, 141 of the lan-
guages with two-letter codes from ISO 639-2 and another 30 languages with only
three-letter codes. Languages with both two and three letter codes are provided
with only the two letter code.
For languages used in multiple territories with radically different character sets,
fontconfig includes per-territory orthographies. This includes Azerbaijani, Kur-
dish, Pashto, Tigrinya and Chinese.
CONFIGURATION FILE FORMAT
Configuration files for fontconfig are stored in XML format; this format makes
external configuration tools easier to write and ensures that they will generate
syntactically correct configuration files. As XML files are plain text, they can
also be manipulated by the expert user using a text editor.
The fontconfig document type definition resides in the external entity "fonts.dtd";
this is normally stored in the default font configuration directory (/etc/fonts).
Each configuration file should contain the following structure:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
<fontconfig>
...
</fontconfig>
<FONTCONFIG>
This is the top level element for a font configuration and can contain dir, cache,
include, match and alias elements in any order.
DIR
This element contains a directory name which will be scanned for font files to
include in the set of available fonts.
CACHE
This element contains a file name for the per-user cache of font information. If
it starts with '~', it refers to a file in the users home directory. This file is
used to hold information about fonts that isn't present in the per-directory cache
files. It is automatically maintained by the fontconfig library. The default for
this file is ''~/.fonts.cache-version'', where version is the font configuration
file version number (currently 2).
INCLUDE IGNORE_MISSING= NO""
This element contains the name of an additional configuration file or directory.
If a directory, every file within that directory starting with an ASCII digit
(U+0030 - U+0039) and ending with the string ''.conf'' will be processed in sorted
order. When the XML datatype is traversed by FcConfigParse, the contents of the
file(s) will also be incorporated into the configuration by passing the filename(s)
to FcConfigLoadAndParse. If 'ignore_missing' is set to "yes" instead of the
default "no", a missing file or directory will elicit no warning message from the
library.
CONFIG
This element provides a place to consolidate additional configuration information.
config can contain blank and rescan elements in any order.
BLANK
Fonts often include "broken" glyphs which appear in the encoding but are drawn as
blanks on the screen. Within the blank element, place each Unicode characters
which is supposed to be blank in an int element. Characters outside of this set
which are drawn as blank will be elided from the set of characters supported by the
font.
RESCAN
The rescan element holds an int element which indicates the default interval
between automatic checks for font configuration changes. Fontconfig will validate
all of the configuration files and directories and automatically rebuild the inter-
nal datastructures when this interval passes.
SELECTFONT
This element is used to black/white list fonts from being listed or matched
against. It holds acceptfont and rejectfont elements.
ACCEPTFONT
Fonts matched by an acceptfont element are "whitelisted"; such fonts are explicitly
included in the set of fonts used to resolve list and match requests; including
them in this list protects them from being "blacklisted" by a rejectfont element.
Acceptfont elements include glob and pattern elements which are used to match
fonts.
REJECTFONT
Fonts matched by an rejectfont element are "blacklisted"; such fonts are excluded
from the set of fonts used to resolve list and match requests as if they didn't
exist in the system. Rejectfont elements include glob and pattern elements which
are used to match fonts.
GLOB
Glob elements hold shell-style filename matching patterns (including ? and *) which
match fonts based on their complete pathnames. This can be used to exclude a set
of directories (/usr/share/fonts/uglyfont*), or particular font file types
(*.pcf.gz), but the latter mechanism relies rather heavily on filenaming conven-
tions which can't be relied upon. Note that globs only apply to directories, not
to individual fonts.
PATTERN
Pattern elements perform list-style matching on incoming fonts; that is, they hold
a list of elements and associated values. If all of those elements have a matching
value, then the pattern matches the font. This can be used to select fonts based
on attributes of the font (scalable, bold, etc), which is a more reliable mechanism
than using file extensions. Pattern elements include patelt elements.
PATELT NAME= PROPERTY""
Patelt elements hold a single pattern element and list of values. They must have a
'name' attribute which indicates the pattern element name. Patelt elements include
int, double, string, matrix, bool, charset and const elements.
MATCH TARGET= PATTERN""
This element holds first a (possibly empty) list of test elements and then a (pos-
sibly empty) list of edit elements. Patterns which match all of the tests are sub-
jected to all the edits. If 'target' is set to "font" instead of the default "pat-
tern", then this element applies to the font name resulting from a match rather
than a font pattern to be matched. If 'target' is set to "scan", then this element
applies when the font is scanned to build the fontconfig database.
TEST QUAL= ANY" NAME="PROPERTY" TARGET="DEFAULT" COMPARE="EQ""
This element contains a single value which is compared with the target ('pattern',
'font', 'scan' or 'default') property "property" (substitute any of the property
names seen above). 'compare' can be one of "eq", "not_eq", "less", "less_eq",
"more", or "more_eq". 'qual' may either be the default, "any", in which case the
match succeeds if any value associated with the property matches the test value, or
"all", in which case all of the values associated with the property must match the
test value. When used in a <match target="font"> element, the target= attribute in
the <test> element selects between matching the original pattern or the font.
"default" selects whichever target the outer <match> element has selected.
EDIT NAME= PROPERTY" MODE="ASSIGN" BINDING="WEAK""
This element contains a list of expression elements (any of the value or operator
elements). The expression elements are evaluated at run-time and modify the
property "property". The modification depends on whether "property" was matched by
one of the associated test elements, if so, the modification may affect the first
matched value. Any values inserted into the property are given the indicated bind-
ing ("strong", "weak" or "same") with "same" binding using the value from the
matched pattern element. 'mode' is one of:
Mode With Match Without Match
---------------------------------------------------------------------
"assign" Replace matching value Replace all values
"assign_replace" Replace all values Replace all values
"prepend" Insert before matching Insert at head of list
"prepend_first" Insert at head of list Insert at head of list
"append" Append after matching Append at end of list
"append_last" Append at end of list Append at end of list
INT, DOUBLE, STRING, BOOL
These elements hold a single value of the indicated type. bool elements hold
either true or false. An important limitation exists in the parsing of floating
point numbers -- fontconfig requires that the mantissa start with a digit, not a
decimal point, so insert a leading zero for purely fractional values (e.g. use 0.5
instead of .5 and -0.5 instead of -.5).
MATRIX
This element holds the four double elements of an affine transformation.
NAME
Holds a property name. Evaluates to the first value from the property of the font,
not the pattern.
CONST
Holds the name of a constant; these are always integers and serve as symbolic names
for common font values:
Constant Property Value
-------------------------------------
thin weight 0
extralight weight 40
ultralight weight 40
light weight 50
book weight 75
regular weight 80
normal weight 80
medium weight 100
demibold weight 180
semibold weight 180
bold weight 200
extrabold weight 205
black weight 210
heavy weight 210
roman slant 0
italic slant 100
oblique slant 110
ultracondensed width 50
extracondensed width 63
condensed width 75
semicondensed width 87
normal width 100
semiexpanded width 113
expanded width 125
extraexpanded width 150
ultraexpanded width 200
proportional spacing 0
dual spacing 90
mono spacing 100
charcell spacing 110
unknown rgba 0
rgb rgba 1
bgr rgba 2
vrgb rgba 3
vbgr rgba 4
none rgba 5
hintnone hintstyle 0
hintslight hintstyle 1
hintmedium hintstyle 2
hintfull hintstyle 3
OR, AND, PLUS, MINUS, TIMES, DIVIDE
These elements perform the specified operation on a list of expression elements.
or and and are boolean, not bitwise.
EQ, NOT_EQ, LESS, LESS_EQ, MORE, MORE_EQ
These elements compare two values, producing a boolean result.
NOT
Inverts the boolean sense of its one expression element
IF
This element takes three expression elements; if the value of the first is true, it
produces the value of the second, otherwise it produces the value of the third.
ALIAS
Alias elements provide a shorthand notation for the set of common match operations
needed to substitute one font family for another. They contain a family element
followed by optional prefer, accept and default elements. Fonts matching the fam-
ily element are edited to prepend the list of prefered families before the matching
family, append the acceptable families after the matching family and append the
default families to the end of the family list.
FAMILY
Holds a single font family name
PREFER, ACCEPT, DEFAULT
These hold a list of family elements to be used by the alias element. /article
EXAMPLE CONFIGURATION FILE
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION FILE
This is an example of a system-wide configuration file
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
<!-- /etc/fonts/fonts.conf file to configure system font access -->
<fontconfig>
<!--
Find fonts in these directories
-->
<dir>/usr/share/fonts</dir>
<dir>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts</dir>
<!--
Accept deprecated 'mono' alias, replacing it with 'monospace'
-->
<match target="pattern">
<test qual="any" name="family"><string>mono</string></test>
<edit name="family" mode="assign"><string>monospace</string></edit>
</match>
<!--
Names not including any well known alias are given 'sans'
-->
<match target="pattern">
<test qual="all" name="family" mode="not_eq">sans</test>
<test qual="all" name="family" mode="not_eq">serif</test>
<test qual="all" name="family" mode="not_eq">monospace</test>
<edit name="family" mode="append_last"><string>sans</string></edit>
</match>
<!--
Load per-user customization file, but don't complain
if it doesn't exist
-->
<include ignore_missing="yes">~/.fonts.conf</include>
<!--
Load local customization files, but don't complain
if there aren't any
-->
<include ignore_missing="yes">conf.d</include>
<include ignore_missing="yes">local.conf</include>
<!--
Alias well known font names to available TrueType fonts.
These substitute TrueType faces for similar Type1
faces to improve screen appearance.
-->
<alias>
<family>Times</family>
<prefer><family>Times New Roman</family></prefer>
<default><family>serif</family></default>
</alias>
<alias>
<family>Helvetica</family>
<prefer><family>Arial</family></prefer>
<default><family>sans</family></default>
</alias>
<alias>
<family>Courier</family>
<prefer><family>Courier New</family></prefer>
<default><family>monospace</family></default>
</alias>
<!--
Provide required aliases for standard names
Do these after the users configuration file so that
any aliases there are used preferentially
-->
<alias>
<family>serif</family>
<prefer><family>Times New Roman</family></prefer>
</alias>
<alias>
<family>sans</family>
<prefer><family>Arial</family></prefer>
</alias>
<alias>
<family>monospace</family>
<prefer><family>Andale Mono</family></prefer>
</alias>
</fontconfig>
USER CONFIGURATION FILE
This is an example of a per-user configuration file that lives in ~/.fonts.conf
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
<!-- ~/.fonts.conf for per-user font configuration -->
<fontconfig>
<!--
Private font directory
-->
<dir>~/.fonts</dir>
<!--
use rgb sub-pixel ordering to improve glyph appearance on
LCD screens. Changes affecting rendering, but not matching
should always use target="font".
-->
<match target="font">
<edit name="rgba" mode="assign"><const>rgb</const></edit>
</match>
</fontconfig>
FILES
fonts.conf contains configuration information for the fontconfig library consisting
of directories to look at for font information as well as instructions on editing
program specified font patterns before attempting to match the available fonts. It
is in xml format.
conf.d is the conventional name for a directory of additional configuration files
managed by external applications or the local administrator. The filenames start-
ing with decimal digits are sorted in lexicographic order and used as additional
configuration files. All of these files are in xml format. The master fonts.conf
file references this directory in an <include> directive.
fonts.dtd is a DTD that describes the format of the configuration files.
~/.fonts.conf is the conventional location for per-user font configuration,
although the actual location is specified in the global fonts.conf file.
~/.fonts.cache-* is the conventional repository of font information that isn't
found in the per-directory caches. This file is automatically maintained by font-
config.
SEE ALSO
fc-cache(1), fc-match(1), fc-list(1)
VERSION
Fontconfig version 2.4.1
15 September 2006 FONTS-CONF(5)
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