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MOUNT(8) Linux Programmer's Manual MOUNT(8)
NAME
mount - mount a file system
SYNOPSIS
mount [-lhV]
mount -a [-fFnrsvw] [-t vfstype] [-O optlist]
mount [-fnrsvw] [-o options [,...]] device | dir
mount [-fnrsvw] [-t vfstype] [-o options] device dir
DESCRIPTION
All files accessible in a Unix system are arranged in one big tree, the file hier-
archy, rooted at /. These files can be spread out over several devices. The mount
command serves to attach the file system found on some device to the big file tree.
Conversely, the umount(8) command will detach it again.
The standard form of the mount command, is
mount -t type device dir
This tells the kernel to attach the file system found on device (which is of type
type) at the directory dir. The previous contents (if any) and owner and mode of
dir become invisible, and as long as this file system remains mounted, the pathname
dir refers to the root of the file system on device.
Three forms of invocation do not actually mount anything:
mount -h
prints a help message;
mount -V
prints a version string; and just
mount [-l] [-t type]
lists all mounted file systems (of type type). The option -l adds the (ext2, ext3
and XFS) labels in this listing. See below.
Since Linux 2.4.0 it is possible to remount part of the file hierarchy somewhere
else. The call is
mount --bind olddir newdir
After this call the same contents is accessible in two places. One can also
remount a single file (on a single file).
This call attaches only (part of) a single filesystem, not possible submounts. The
entire file hierarchy including submounts is attached a second place using
mount --rbind olddir newdir
Note that the filesystem mount options will remain the same as those on the origi-
nal mount point, and cannot be changed by passing the -o option along with
--bind/--rbind.
Since Linux 2.5.1 it is possible to atomically move a mounted tree to another
place. The call is
mount --move olddir newdir
Since Linux 2.6.15 it is possible to mark a mount and its submounts as shared, pri-
vate, slave or unbindable. A shared mount provides ability to create mirrors of
that mount such that mounts and umounts within any of the mirrors propagate to the
other mirror. A slave mount receives propagation from its master, but any not vice-
versa. A private mount carries no propagation abilities. A unbindable mount is a
private mount which cannot cloned through a bind operation. Detailed semantics is
documented in Documentation/sharedsubtree.txt file in the kernel source tree.
mount --make-shared mountpoint
mount --make-slave mountpoint
mount --make-private mountpoint
mount --make-unbindable mountpoint
The following commands allows one to recursively change the type of all the mounts
under a given mountpoint.
mount --make-rshared mountpoint
mount --make-rslave mountpoint
mount --make-rprivate mountpoint
"mount --make-runbindable mountpoint"
The proc file system is not associated with a special device, and when mounting it,
an arbitrary keyword, such as proc can be used instead of a device specification.
(The customary choice none is less fortunate: the error message 'none busy' from
umount can be confusing.)
Most devices are indicated by a file name (of a block special device), like
/dev/sda1, but there are other possibilities. For example, in the case of an NFS
mount, device may look like knuth.cwi.nl:/dir. It is possible to indicate a block
special device using its volume label or UUID (see the -L and -U options below).
The file /etc/fstab (see fstab(5)), may contain lines describing what devices are
usually mounted where, using which options. This file is used in three ways:
(i) The command
mount -a [-t type] [-O optlist]
(usually given in a bootscript) causes all file systems mentioned in fstab (of the
proper type and/or having or not having the proper options) to be mounted as indi-
cated, except for those whose line contains the noauto keyword. Adding the -F
option will make mount fork, so that the filesystems are mounted simultaneously.
(ii) When mounting a file system mentioned in fstab, it suffices to give only the
device, or only the mount point.
(iii) Normally, only the superuser can mount file systems. However, when fstab
contains the user option on a line, anybody can mount the corresponding system.
Thus, given a line
/dev/cdrom /cd iso9660 ro,user,noauto,unhide
any user can mount the iso9660 file system found on his CDROM using the command
mount /dev/cdrom
or
mount /cd
For more details, see fstab(5). Only the user that mounted a filesystem can
unmount it again. If any user should be able to unmount, then use users instead of
user in the fstab line. The owner option is similar to the user option, with the
restriction that the user must be the owner of the special file. This may be useful
e.g. for /dev/fd if a login script makes the console user owner of this device.
The group option is similar, with the restriction that the user must be member of
the group of the special file.
The programs mount and umount maintain a list of currently mounted file systems in
the file /etc/mtab. If no arguments are given to mount, this list is printed.
When the proc filesystem is mounted (say at /proc), the files /etc/mtab and
/proc/mounts have very similar contents. The former has somewhat more information,
such as the mount options used, but is not necessarily up-to-date (cf. the -n
option below). It is possible to replace /etc/mtab by a symbolic link to
/proc/mounts, and especially when you have very large numbers of mounts things will
be much faster with that symlink, but some information is lost that way, and in
particular working with the loop device will be less convenient, and using the
"user" option will fail.
OPTIONS
The full set of options used by an invocation of mount is determined by first
extracting the options for the file system from the fstab table, then applying any
options specified by the -o argument, and finally applying a -r or -w option, when
present.
Options available for the mount command:
-V Output version.
-h Print a help message.
-v Verbose mode.
-a Mount all filesystems (of the given types) mentioned in fstab.
-F (Used in conjunction with -a.) Fork off a new incarnation of mount for each
device. This will do the mounts on different devices or different NFS
servers in parallel. This has the advantage that it is faster; also NFS
timeouts go in parallel. A disadvantage is that the mounts are done in unde-
fined order. Thus, you cannot use this option if you want to mount both
/usr and /usr/spool.
-f Causes everything to be done except for the actual system call; if it's not
obvious, this ''fakes'' mounting the file system. This option is useful in
conjunction with the -v flag to determine what the mount command is trying
to do. It can also be used to add entries for devices that were mounted ear-
lier with the -n option.
-i Don't call the /sbin/mount.<filesystem> helper even if it exists.
-l Add the ext2, ext3 and XFS labels in the mount output. Mount must have per-
mission to read the disk device (e.g. be suid root) for this to work. One
can set such a label for ext2 or ext3 using the e2label(8) utility, or for
XFS using xfs_admin(8), or for reiserfs using reiserfstune(8).
-n Mount without writing in /etc/mtab. This is necessary for example when /etc
is on a read-only file system.
-p num In case of a loop mount with encryption, read the passphrase from file
descriptor num instead of from the terminal.
-s Tolerate sloppy mount options rather than failing. This will ignore mount
options not supported by a filesystem type. Not all filesystems support this
option. This option exists for support of the Linux autofs-based auto-
mounter.
-r Mount the file system read-only. A synonym is -o ro.
-w Mount the file system read/write. This is the default. A synonym is -o rw.
-L label
Mount the partition that has the specified label.
-U uuid
Mount the partition that has the specified uuid. These two options require
the file /proc/partitions (present since Linux 2.1.116) to exist.
-t vfstype
The argument following the -t is used to indicate the file system type. The
file system types which are currently supported include: adfs, affs, autofs,
cifs, coda, coherent, cramfs, debugfs, devpts, efs, ext, ext2, ext3, hfs,
hpfs, iso9660, jfs, minix, msdos, ncpfs, nfs, nfs4, ntfs, proc, qnx4, ramfs,
reiserfs, romfs, smbfs, sysv, tmpfs, udf, ufs, umsdos, usbfs, vfat, xenix,
xfs, xiafs. Note that coherent, sysv and xenix are equivalent and that
xenix and coherent will be removed at some point in the future -- use sysv
instead. Since kernel version 2.1.21 the types ext and xiafs do not exist
anymore. Earlier, usbfs was known as usbdevfs.
For most types all the mount program has to do is issue a simple mount(2)
system call, and no detailed knowledge of the filesystem type is required.
For a few types however (like nfs, nfs4, cifs, smbfs, ncpfs) ad hoc code is
necessary. The nfs ad hoc code is built in, but cifs, smbfs, and ncpfs have
a separate mount program. In order to make it possible to treat all types in
a uniform way, mount will execute the program /sbin/mount.TYPE (if that
exists) when called with type TYPE. Since various versions of the smbmount
program have different calling conventions, /sbin/mount.smbfs may have to be
a shell script that sets up the desired call.
If no -t option is given, or if the auto type is specified, mount will try
to guess the desired type. If mount was compiled with the blkid library,
the guessing is done by this library. Otherwise, mount guesses itself by
probing the superblock; if that does not turn up anything that looks famil-
iar, mount will try to read the file /etc/filesystems, or, if that does not
exist, /proc/filesystems. All of the filesystem types listed there will be
tried, except for those that are labeled "nodev" (e.g., devpts, proc, nfs,
and nfs4). If /etc/filesystems ends in a line with a single * only, mount
will read /proc/filesystems afterwards.
The auto type may be useful for user-mounted floppies. Creating a file
/etc/filesystems can be useful to change the probe order (e.g., to try vfat
before msdos or ext3 before ext2) or if you use a kernel module autoloader.
Warning: the probing uses a heuristic (the presence of appropriate 'magic'),
and could recognize the wrong filesystem type, possibly with catastrophic
consequences. If your data is valuable, don't ask mount to guess.
More than one type may be specified in a comma separated list. The list of
file system types can be prefixed with no to specify the file system types
on which no action should be taken. (This can be meaningful with the -a
option.)
For example, the command:
mount -a -t nomsdos,ext
mounts all file systems except those of type msdos and ext.
-O Used in conjunction with -a, to limit the set of filesystems to which the -a
is applied. Like -t in this regard except that it is useless except in the
context of -a. For example, the command:
mount -a -O no_netdev
mounts all file systems except those which have the option _netdev specified
in the options field in the /etc/fstab file.
It is different from -t in that each option is matched exactly; a leading no
at the beginning of one option does not negate the rest.
The -t and -O options are cumulative in effect; that is, the command
mount -a -t ext2 -O _netdev
mounts all ext2 filesystems with the _netdev option, not all filesystems
that are either ext2 or have the _netdev option specified.
-o Options are specified with a -o flag followed by a comma separated string of
options. Some of these options are only useful when they appear in the
/etc/fstab file. The following options apply to any file system that is
being mounted (but not every file system actually honors them - e.g., the
sync option today has effect only for ext2, ext3, fat, vfat and ufs):
async All I/O to the file system should be done asynchronously.
atime Update inode access time for each access. This is the default.
auto Can be mounted with the -a option.
defaults
Use default options: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, and async.
dev Interpret character or block special devices on the file system.
exec Permit execution of binaries.
group Allow an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the file system if
one of his groups matches the group of the device. This option
implies the options nosuid and nodev (unless overridden by subsequent
options, as in the option line group,dev,suid).
mand Allow mandatory locks on this filesystem. See fcntl(2).
_netdev
The filesystem resides on a device that requires network access (used
to prevent the system from attempting to mount these filesystems
until the network has been enabled on the system).
noatime
Do not update inode access times on this file system (e.g, for faster
access on the news spool to speed up news servers).
nodiratime
Do not update directory inode access times on this filesystem.
noauto Can only be mounted explicitly (i.e., the -a option will not cause
the file system to be mounted).
nodev Do not interpret character or block special devices on the file sys-
tem.
noexec Do not allow direct execution of any binaries on the mounted file
system. (Until recently it was possible to run binaries anyway using
a command like /lib/ld*.so /mnt/binary. This trick fails since Linux
2.4.25 / 2.6.0.)
nomand Do not allow mandatory locks on this filesystem.
nosuid Do not allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take
effect. (This seems safe, but is in fact rather unsafe if you have
suidperl(1) installed.)
nouser Forbid an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the file system.
This is the default.
owner Allow an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the file system if
he is the owner of the device. This option implies the options
nosuid and nodev (unless overridden by subsequent options, as in the
option line owner,dev,suid).
remount
Attempt to remount an already-mounted file system. This is commonly
used to change the mount flags for a file system, especially to make
a readonly file system writeable. It does not change device or mount
point.
ro Mount the file system read-only.
_rnetdev
Like _netdev, except "fsck -a" checks this filesystem during
rc.sysinit.
rw Mount the file system read-write.
suid Allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take
effect.
sync All I/O to the file system should be done synchronously. In case of
media with limited number of write cycles (e.g. some flash drives)
"sync" may cause life-cycle shortening.
dirsync
All directory updates within the file system should be done syn-
chronously. This affects the following system calls: creat, link,
unlink, symlink, mkdir, rmdir, mknod and rename.
user Allow an ordinary user to mount the file system. The name of the
mounting user is written to mtab so that he can unmount the file sys-
tem again. This option implies the options noexec, nosuid, and nodev
(unless overridden by subsequent options, as in the option line
user,exec,dev,suid).
users Allow every user to mount and unmount the file system. This option
implies the options noexec, nosuid, and nodev (unless overridden by
subsequent options, as in the option line users,exec,dev,suid).
context=context, fscontext=context and defcontext=context
The context= option is useful when mounting filesystems that do not
support extended attributes, such as a floppy or hard disk formatted
with VFAT, or systems that are not normally running under SELinux,
such as an ext3 formatted disk from a non-SELinux workstation. You
can also use context= on filesystems you do not trust, such as a
floppy. It also helps in compatibility with xattr-supporting filesys-
tems on earlier 2.4.<x> kernel versions. Even where xattrs are sup-
ported, you can save time not having to label every file by assigning
the entire disk one security context.
A commonly used option for removable media is context=sys-
tem_u:object_r:removable_t.
Two other options are fscontext= and defcontext=, both of which are
mutually exclusive of the context option. This means you can use
fscontext and defcontext with each other, but neither can be used
with context.
The fscontext= option works for all filesystems, regardless of their
xattr support. The fscontext option sets the overarching filesystem
label to a specific security context. This filesystem label is sepa-
rate from the individual labels on the files. It represents the
entire filesystem for certain kinds of permission checks, such as
during mount or file creation. Individual file labels are still
obtained from the xattrs on the files themselves. The context option
actually sets the aggregate context that fscontext provides, in addi-
tion to supplying the same label for individual files.
You can set the default security context for unlabeled files using
defcontext= option. This overrides the value set for unlabeled files
in the policy and requires a file system that supports xattr label-
ing.
For more details see selinux(8)
--bind Remount a subtree somewhere else (so that its contents are available in both
places). See above.
--move Move a subtree to some other place. See above.
FILESYSTEM SPECIFIC MOUNT OPTIONS
The following options apply only to certain file systems. We sort them by file
system. They all follow the -o flag.
What options are supported depends a bit on the running kernel. More info may be
found in the kernel source subdirectory Documentation/filesystems.
Mount options for adfs
uid=value and gid=value
Set the owner and group of the files in the file system (default:
uid=gid=0).
ownmask=value and othmask=value
Set the permission mask for ADFS 'owner' permissions and 'other' permis-
sions, respectively (default: 0700 and 0077, respectively). See also
/usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/adfs.txt.
Mount options for affs
uid=value and gid=value
Set the owner and group of the root of the file system (default: uid=gid=0,
but with option uid or gid without specified value, the uid and gid of the
current process are taken).
setuid=value and setgid=value
Set the owner and group of all files.
mode=value
Set the mode of all files to value & 0777 disregarding the original permis-
sions. Add search permission to directories that have read permission. The
value is given in octal.
protect
Do not allow any changes to the protection bits on the file system.
usemp Set uid and gid of the root of the file system to the uid and gid of the
mount point upon the first sync or umount, and then clear this option.
Strange...
verbose
Print an informational message for each successful mount.
prefix=string
Prefix used before volume name, when following a link.
volume=string
Prefix (of length at most 30) used before '/' when following a symbolic
link.
reserved=value
(Default: 2.) Number of unused blocks at the start of the device.
root=value
Give explicitly the location of the root block.
bs=value
Give blocksize. Allowed values are 512, 1024, 2048, 4096.
grpquota / noquota / quota / usrquota
These options are accepted but ignored. (However, quota utilities may react
to such strings in /etc/fstab.)
Mount options for cifs
See the options section of the mount.cifs(8) man page (cifs-mount package must be
installed).
Mount options for cifs
Just like nfs or smbfs implementation expects a binary argument to the mount system
call. This argument is constructed by mount.cifs(8) and the current version of
mount (2.12) does not know anything about cifs.
Mount options for coherent
None.
Mount options for debugfs
The debugfs file system is a pseudo file system, traditionally mounted on /sys/ker-
nel/debug. There are no mount options.
Mount options for devpts
The devpts file system is a pseudo file system, traditionally mounted on /dev/pts.
In order to acquire a pseudo terminal, a process opens /dev/ptmx; the number of the
pseudo terminal is then made available to the process and the pseudo terminal slave
can be accessed as /dev/pts/<number>.
uid=value and gid=value
This sets the owner or the group of newly created PTYs to the specified val-
ues. When nothing is specified, they will be set to the UID and GID of the
creating process. For example, if there is a tty group with GID 5, then
gid=5 will cause newly created PTYs to belong to the tty group.
mode=value
Set the mode of newly created PTYs to the specified value. The default is
0600. A value of mode=620 and gid=5 makes "mesg y" the default on newly
created PTYs.
Mount options for ext
None. Note that the 'ext' file system is obsolete. Don't use it. Since Linux ver-
sion 2.1.21 extfs is no longer part of the kernel source.
Mount options for ext2
The 'ext2' file system is the standard Linux file system. Since Linux 2.5.46, for
most mount options the default is determined by the filesystem superblock. Set them
with tune2fs(8).
acl / noacl
Support POSIX Access Control Lists (or not).
bsddf / minixdf
Set the behaviour for the statfs system call. The minixdf behaviour is to
return in the f_blocks field the total number of blocks of the file system,
while the bsddf behaviour (which is the default) is to subtract the overhead
blocks used by the ext2 file system and not available for file storage. Thus
% mount /k -o minixdf; df /k; umount /k
Filesystem 1024-blocks Used Available Capacity Mounted on
/dev/sda6 2630655 86954 2412169 3% /k
% mount /k -o bsddf; df /k; umount /k
Filesystem 1024-blocks Used Available Capacity Mounted on
/dev/sda6 2543714 13 2412169 0% /k
(Note that this example shows that one can add command line options to the options
given in /etc/fstab.)
check=none / nocheck
No checking is done at mount time. This is the default. This is fast. It is
wise to invoke e2fsck(8) every now and then, e.g. at boot time.
debug Print debugging info upon each (re)mount.
errors=continue / errors=remount-ro / errors=panic
Define the behaviour when an error is encountered. (Either ignore errors
and just mark the file system erroneous and continue, or remount the file
system read-only, or panic and halt the system.) The default is set in the
filesystem superblock, and can be changed using tune2fs(8).
grpid or bsdgroups / nogrpid or sysvgroups
These options define what group id a newly created file gets. When grpid is
set, it takes the group id of the directory in which it is created; other-
wise (the default) it takes the fsgid of the current process, unless the
directory has the setgid bit set, in which case it takes the gid from the
parent directory, and also gets the setgid bit set if it is a directory
itself.
grpquota / noquota / quota / usrquota
These options are accepted but ignored.
nobh Do not attach buffer_heads to file pagecache. (Since 2.5.49.)
nouid32
Disables 32-bit UIDs and GIDs. This is for interoperability with older ker-
nels which only store and expect 16-bit values.
oldalloc or orlov
Use old allocator or Orlov allocator for new inodes. Orlov is default.
resgid=n and resuid=n
The ext2 file system reserves a certain percentage of the available space
(by default 5%, see mke2fs(8) and tune2fs(8)). These options determine who
can use the reserved blocks. (Roughly: whoever has the specified uid, or
belongs to the specified group.)
sb=n Instead of block 1, use block n as superblock. This could be useful when the
filesystem has been damaged. (Earlier, copies of the superblock would be
made every 8192 blocks: in block 1, 8193, 16385, ... (and one got thousands
of copies on a big filesystem). Since version 1.08, mke2fs has a -s (sparse
superblock) option to reduce the number of backup superblocks, and since
version 1.15 this is the default. Note that this may mean that ext2 filesys-
tems created by a recent mke2fs cannot be mounted r/w under Linux 2.0.*.)
The block number here uses 1k units. Thus, if you want to use logical block
32768 on a filesystem with 4k blocks, use "sb=131072".
user_xattr / nouser_xattr
Support "user." extended attributes (or not).
Mount options for ext3
The 'ext3' file system is a version of the ext2 file system which has been enhanced
with journalling. It supports the same options as ext2 as well as the following
additions:
journal=update
Update the ext3 file system's journal to the current format.
journal=inum
When a journal already exists, this option is ignored. Otherwise, it speci-
fies the number of the inode which will represent the ext3 file system's
journal file; ext3 will create a new journal, overwriting the old contents
of the file whose inode number is inum.
noload Do not load the ext3 file system's journal on mounting.
data=journal / data=ordered / data=writeback
Specifies the journalling mode for file data. Metadata is always journaled.
To use modes other than ordered on the root file system, pass the mode to
the kernel as boot parameter, e.g. rootflags=data=journal.
journal
All data is committed into the journal prior to being written into
the main file system.
ordered
This is the default mode. All data is forced directly out to the
main file system prior to its metadata being committed to the jour-
nal.
writeback
Data ordering is not preserved - data may be written into the main
file system after its metadata has been committed to the journal.
This is rumoured to be the highest-throughput option. It guarantees
internal file system integrity, however it can allow old data to
appear in files after a crash and journal recovery.
commit=nrsec
Sync all data and metadata every nrsec seconds. The default value is 5 sec-
onds. Zero means default.
Mount options for fat
(Note: fat is not a separate filesystem, but a common part of the msdos, umsdos and
vfat filesystems.)
blocksize=512 / blocksize=1024 / blocksize=2048
Set blocksize (default 512).
uid=value and gid=value
Set the owner and group of all files. (Default: the uid and gid of the cur-
rent process.)
umask=value
Set the umask (the bitmask of the permissions that are not present). The
default is the umask of the current process. The value is given in octal.
dmask=value
Set the umask applied to directories only. The default is the umask of the
current process. The value is given in octal.
fmask=value
Set the umask applied to regular files only. The default is the umask of
the current process. The value is given in octal.
check=value
Three different levels of pickyness can be chosen:
r[elaxed]
Upper and lower case are accepted and equivalent, long name parts are
truncated (e.g. verylongname.foobar becomes verylong.foo), leading
and embedded spaces are accepted in each name part (name and exten-
sion).
n[ormal]
Like "relaxed", but many special characters (*, ?, <, spaces, etc.)
are rejected. This is the default.
s[trict]
Like "normal", but names may not contain long parts and special char-
acters that are sometimes used on Linux, but are not accepted by MS-
DOS are rejected. (+, =, spaces, etc.)
codepage=value
Sets the codepage for converting to shortname characters on FAT and VFAT
filesystems. By default, codepage 437 is used.
conv=b[inary] / conv=t[ext] / conv=a[uto]
The fat file system can perform CRLF<-->NL (MS-DOS text format to UNIX text
format) conversion in the kernel. The following conversion modes are avail-
able:
binary no translation is performed. This is the default.
text CRLF<-->NL translation is performed on all files.
auto CRLF<-->NL translation is performed on all files that don't have a
"well-known binary" extension. The list of known extensions can be
found at the beginning of fs/fat/misc.c (as of 2.0, the list is: exe,
com, bin, app, sys, drv, ovl, ovr, obj, lib, dll, pif, arc, zip, lha,
lzh, zoo, tar, z, arj, tz, taz, tzp, tpz, gz, tgz, deb, gif, bmp,
tif, gl, jpg, pcx, tfm, vf, gf, pk, pxl, dvi).
Programs that do computed lseeks won't like in-kernel text conversion. Sev-
eral people have had their data ruined by this translation. Beware!
For file systems mounted in binary mode, a conversion tool (fromdos/todos)
is available.
cvf_format=module
Forces the driver to use the CVF (Compressed Volume File) module cvf_module
instead of auto-detection. If the kernel supports kmod, the cvf_format=xxx
option also controls on-demand CVF module loading.
cvf_option=option
Option passed to the CVF module.
debug Turn on the debug flag. A version string and a list of file system parame-
ters will be printed (these data are also printed if the parameters appear
to be inconsistent).
fat=12 / fat=16 / fat=32
Specify a 12, 16 or 32 bit fat. This overrides the automatic FAT type
detection routine. Use with caution!
iocharset=value
Character set to use for converting between 8 bit characters and 16 bit Uni-
code characters. The default is iso8859-1. Long filenames are stored on
disk in Unicode format.
quiet Turn on the quiet flag. Attempts to chown or chmod files do not return
errors, although they fail. Use with caution!
sys_immutable, showexec, dots, nodots, dotsOK=[yes|no]
Various misguided attempts to force Unix or DOS conventions onto a FAT file
system.
Mount options for hfs
creator=cccc, type=cccc
Set the creator/type values as shown by the MacOS finder used for creating
new files. Default values: '????'.
uid=n, gid=n
Set the owner and group of all files. (Default: the uid and gid of the cur-
rent process.)
dir_umask=n, file_umask=n, umask=n
Set the umask used for all directories, all regular files, or all files and
directories. Defaults to the umask of the current process.
session=n
Select the CDROM session to mount. Defaults to leaving that decision to the
CDROM driver. This option will fail with anything but a CDROM as underlying
device.
part=n Select partition number n from the device. Only makes sense for CDROMS.
Defaults to not parsing the partition table at all.
quiet Don't complain about invalid mount options.
Mount options for hpfs
uid=value and gid=value
Set the owner and group of all files. (Default: the uid and gid of the cur-
rent process.)
umask=value
Set the umask (the bitmask of the permissions that are not present). The
default is the umask of the current process. The value is given in octal.
case=lower / case=asis
Convert all files names to lower case, or leave them. (Default:
case=lower.)
conv=binary / conv=text / conv=auto
For conv=text, delete some random CRs (in particular, all followed by NL)
when reading a file. For conv=auto, choose more or less at random between
conv=binary and conv=text. For conv=binary, just read what is in the file.
This is the default.
nocheck
Do not abort mounting when certain consistency checks fail.
Mount options for iso9660
ISO 9660 is a standard describing a filesystem structure to be used on CD-ROMs.
(This filesystem type is also seen on some DVDs. See also the udf filesystem.)
Normal iso9660 filenames appear in a 8.3 format (i.e., DOS-like restrictions on
filename length), and in addition all characters are in upper case. Also there is
no field for file ownership, protection, number of links, provision for block/char-
acter devices, etc.
Rock Ridge is an extension to iso9660 that provides all of these unix like fea-
tures. Basically there are extensions to each directory record that supply all of
the additional information, and when Rock Ridge is in use, the filesystem is indis-
tinguishable from a normal UNIX file system (except that it is read-only, of
course).
norock Disable the use of Rock Ridge extensions, even if available. Cf. map.
nojoliet
Disable the use of Microsoft Joliet extensions, even if available. Cf. map.
check=r[elaxed] / check=s[trict]
With check=relaxed, a filename is first converted to lower case before doing
the lookup. This is probably only meaningful together with norock and
map=normal. (Default: check=strict.)
uid=value and gid=value
Give all files in the file system the indicated user or group id, possibly
overriding the information found in the Rock Ridge extensions. (Default:
uid=0,gid=0.)
map=n[ormal] / map=o[ff] / map=a[corn]
For non-Rock Ridge volumes, normal name translation maps upper to lower case
ASCII, drops a trailing ';1', and converts ';' to '.'. With map=off no name
translation is done. See norock. (Default: map=normal.) map=acorn is like
map=normal but also apply Acorn extensions if present.
mode=value
For non-Rock Ridge volumes, give all files the indicated mode. (Default:
read permission for everybody.) Since Linux 2.1.37 one no longer needs to
specify the mode in decimal. (Octal is indicated by a leading 0.)
unhide Also show hidden and associated files. (If the ordinary files and the asso-
ciated or hidden files have the same filenames, this may make the ordinary
files inaccessible.)
block=[512|1024|2048]
Set the block size to the indicated value. (Default: block=1024.)
conv=a[uto] / conv=b[inary] / conv=m[text] / conv=t[ext]
(Default: conv=binary.) Since Linux 1.3.54 this option has no effect any-
more. (And non-binary settings used to be very dangerous, possibly leading
to silent data corruption.)
cruft If the high byte of the file length contains other garbage, set this mount
option to ignore the high order bits of the file length. This implies that
a file cannot be larger than 16MB.
session=x
Select number of session on multisession CD. (Since 2.3.4.)
sbsector=xxx
Session begins from sector xxx. (Since 2.3.4.)
The following options are the same as for vfat and specifying them only makes sense
when using discs encoded using Microsoft's Joliet extensions.
iocharset=value
Character set to use for converting 16 bit Unicode characters on CD to 8 bit
characters. The default is iso8859-1.
utf8 Convert 16 bit Unicode characters on CD to UTF-8.
Mount options for jfs
iocharset=name
Character set to use for converting from Unicode to ASCII. The default is
to do no conversion. Use iocharset=utf8 for UTF8 translations. This
requires CONFIG_NLS_UTF8 to be set in the kernel .config file.
resize=value
Resize the volume to value blocks. JFS only supports growing a volume, not
shrinking it. This option is only valid during a remount, when the volume is
mounted read-write. The resize keyword with no value will grow the volume to
the full size of the partition.
nointegrity
Do not write to the journal. The primary use of this option is to allow for
higher performance when restoring a volume from backup media. The integrity
of the volume is not guaranteed if the system abnormally abends.
integrity
Default. Commit metadata changes to the journal. Use this option to
remount a volume where the nointegrity option was previously specified in
order to restore normal behavior.
errors=continue / errors=remount-ro / errors=panic
Define the behaviour when an error is encountered. (Either ignore errors
and just mark the file system erroneous and continue, or remount the file
system read-only, or panic and halt the system.)
noquota / quota / usrquota / grpquota
These options are accepted but ignored.
Mount options for minix
None.
Mount options for msdos
See mount options for fat. If the msdos file system detects an inconsistency, it
reports an error and sets the file system read-only. The file system can be made
writeable again by remounting it.
Mount options for ncpfs
Just like nfs, the ncpfs implementation expects a binary argument (a struct
ncp_mount_data) to the mount system call. This argument is constructed by ncp-
mount(8) and the current version of mount (2.12) does not know anything about
ncpfs.
Mount options for nfs
Instead of a textual option string, parsed by the kernel, the nfs file system
expects a binary argument of type struct nfs_mount_data. The program mount itself
parses the following options of the form 'tag=value', and puts them in the struc-
ture mentioned: rsize=n, wsize=n, timeo=n, retrans=n, acregmin=n, acregmax=n,
acdirmin=n, acdirmax=n, actimeo=n, retry=n, port=n, mountport=n, mounthost=name,
mountprog=n, mountvers=n, nfsprog=n, nfsvers=n, namlen=n. The option addr=n is
accepted but ignored. Also the following Boolean options, possibly preceded by no
are recognized: bg, fg, soft, hard, intr, posix, cto, ac, tcp, udp, lock. For
details, see nfs(5).
Especially useful options include
rsize=32768,wsize=32768
This causes the NFS client to try to negotiate a buffer size up to the size
specified. A large buffer size does improve performance, but both the
server and client have to support it. In the case where one of these does
not support the size specified, the size negotiated will be the largest that
both support.
intr This will allow NFS operations (on hard mounts) to be interrupted while
waiting for a response from the server.
nolock Do not use locking. Do not start lockd.
Mount options for nfs4
Instead of a textual option string, parsed by the kernel, the nfs4 file system
expects a binary argument of type struct nfs4_mount_data. The program mount itself
parses the following options of the form 'tag=value', and puts them in the struc-
ture mentioned: rsize=n, wsize=n, timeo=n, retrans=n, acregmin=n, acregmax=n,
acdirmin=n, acdirmax=n, actimeo=n, retry=n, port=n, proto=n, clientaddr=n, sec=n.
The option addr=n is accepted but ignored. Also the following Boolean options,
possibly preceded by no are recognized: bg, fg, soft, hard, intr, cto, ac, For
details, see nfs(5).
Especially useful options include
rsize=32768,wsize=32768
This causes the NFS4 client to try to negotiate a buffer size up to the size
specified. A large buffer size does improve performance, but both the
server and client have to support it. In the case where one of these does
not support the size specified, the size negotiated will be the largest that
both support.
intr This will allow NFS4 operations (on hard mounts) to be interrupted while
waiting for a response from the server.
Mount options for ntfs
iocharset=name
Character set to use when returning file names. Unlike VFAT, NTFS sup-
presses names that contain unconvertible characters. Deprecated.
nls=name
New name for the option earlier called iocharset.
utf8 Use UTF-8 for converting file names.
uni_xlate=[0|1|2]
For 0 (or 'no' or 'false'), do not use escape sequences for unknown Unicode
characters. For 1 (or 'yes' or 'true') or 2, use vfat-style 4-byte escape
sequences starting with ":". Here 2 give a little-endian encoding and 1 a
byteswapped bigendian encoding.
posix=[0|1]
If enabled (posix=1), the file system distinguishes between upper and lower
case. The 8.3 alias names are presented as hard links instead of being sup-
pressed.
uid=value, gid=value and umask=value
Set the file permission on the filesystem. The umask value is given in
octal. By default, the files are owned by root and not readable by somebody
else.
Mount options for proc
uid=value and gid=value
These options are recognized, but have no effect as far as I can see.
Mount options for ramfs
Ramfs is a memory based filesystem. Mount it and you have it. Unmount it and it is
gone. Present since Linux 2.3.99pre4. There are no mount options.
Mount options for reiserfs
Reiserfs is a journaling filesystem. The reiserfs mount options are more fully
described at http://www.namesys.com/mount-options.html.
conv Instructs version 3.6 reiserfs software to mount a version 3.5 file system,
using the 3.6 format for newly created objects. This file system will no
longer be compatible with reiserfs 3.5 tools.
hash=rupasov / hash=tea / hash=r5 / hash=detect
Choose which hash function reiserfs will use to find files within directo-
ries.
rupasov
A hash invented by Yury Yu. Rupasov. It is fast and preserves local-
ity, mapping lexicographically close file names to close hash values.
This option should not be used, as it causes a high probability of
hash collisions.
tea A Davis-Meyer function implemented by Jeremy Fitzhardinge. It uses
hash permuting bits in the name. It gets high randomness and, there-
fore, low probability of hash collisions at some CPU cost. This may
be used if EHASHCOLLISION errors are experienced with the r5 hash.
r5 A modified version of the rupasov hash. It is used by default and is
the best choice unless the file system has huge directories and
unusual file-name patterns.
detect Instructs mount to detect which hash function is in use by examining
the file system being mounted, and to write this information into
the reiserfs superblock. This is only useful on the first mount of an
old format file system.
hashed_relocation
Tunes the block allocator. This may provide performance improvements in some
situations.
no_unhashed_relocation
Tunes the block allocator. This may provide performance improvements in some
situations.
noborder
Disable the border allocator algorithm invented by Yury Yu. Rupasov. This
may provide performance improvements in some situations.
nolog Disable journalling. This will provide slight performance improvements in
some situations at the cost of losing reiserfs's fast recovery from crashes.
Even with this option turned on, reiserfs still performs all journalling
operations, save for actual writes into its journalling area. Implementa-
tion of nolog is a work in progress.
notail By default, reiserfs stores small files and 'file tails' directly into its
tree. This confuses some utilities such as LILO(8). This option is used to
disable packing of files into the tree.
replayonly
Replay the transactions which are in the journal, but do not actually mount
the file system. Mainly used by reiserfsck.
resize=number
A remount option which permits online expansion of reiserfs partitions.
Instructs reiserfs to assume that the device has number blocks. This option
is designed for use with devices which are under logical volume management
(LVM). There is a special resizer utility which can be obtained from
ftp://ftp.namesys.com/pub/reiserfsprogs.
Mount options for romfs
None.
Mount options for smbfs
Just like nfs, the smbfs implementation expects a binary argument (a struct
smb_mount_data) to the mount system call. This argument is constructed by smb-
mount(8) and the current version of mount (2.12) does not know anything about
smbfs.
Mount options for sysv
None.
Mount options for tmpfs
The following parameters accept a suffix k, m or g for Ki, Mi, Gi (binary kilo,
mega and giga) and can be changed on remount.
size=nbytes
Override default maximum size of the filesystem. The size is given in
bytes, and rounded down to entire pages. The default is half of the memory.
nr_blocks=
Set number of blocks.
nr_inodes=
Set number of inodes.
mode= Set initial permissions of the root directory.
Mount options for udf
udf is the "Universal Disk Format" filesystem defined by the Optical Storage Tech-
nology Association, and is often used for DVD-ROM. See also iso9660.
gid= Set the default group.
umask= Set the default umask. The value is given in octal.
uid= Set the default user.
unhide Show otherwise hidden files.
undelete
Show deleted files in lists.
nostrict
Unset strict conformance.
iocharset
Set the NLS character set.
bs= Set the block size. (May not work unless 2048.)
novrs Skip volume sequence recognition.
session=
Set the CDROM session counting from 0. Default: last session.
anchor=
Override standard anchor location. Default: 256.
volume=
Override the VolumeDesc location. (unused)
partition=
Override the PartitionDesc location. (unused)
lastblock=
Set the last block of the filesystem.
fileset=
Override the fileset block location. (unused)
rootdir=
Override the root directory location. (unused)
Mount options for ufs
ufstype=value
UFS is a file system widely used in different operating systems. The prob-
lem are differences among implementations. Features of some implementations
are undocumented, so its hard to recognize the type of ufs automatically.
That's why the user must specify the type of ufs by mount option. Possible
values are:
old Old format of ufs, this is the default, read only. (Don't forget to
give the -r option.)
44bsd For filesystems created by a BSD-like system
(NetBSD,FreeBSD,OpenBSD).
sun For filesystems created by SunOS or Solaris on Sparc.
sunx86 For filesystems created by Solaris on x86.
hp For filesystems created by HP-UX, read-only.
nextstep
For filesystems created by NeXTStep (on NeXT station) (currently read
only).
nextstep-cd
For NextStep CDROMs (block_size == 2048), read-only.
openstep
For filesystems created by OpenStep (currently read only). The same
filesystem type is also used by Mac OS X.
onerror=value
Set behaviour on error:
panic If an error is encountered, cause a kernel panic.
[lock|umount|repair]
These mount options don't do anything at present; when an error is
encountered only a console message is printed.
Mount options for umsdos
See mount options for msdos. The dotsOK option is explicitly killed by umsdos.
Mount options for vfat
First of all, the mount options for fat are recognized. The dotsOK option is
explicitly killed by vfat. Furthermore, there are
uni_xlate
Translate unhandled Unicode characters to special escaped sequences. This
lets you backup and restore filenames that are created with any Unicode
characters. Without this option, a '?' is used when no translation is possi-
ble. The escape character is ':' because it is otherwise illegal on the vfat
filesystem. The escape sequence that gets used, where u is the unicode char-
acter, is: ':', (u & 0x3f), ((u>>6) & 0x3f), (u>>12).
posix Allow two files with names that only differ in case.
nonumtail
First try to make a short name without sequence number, before trying
name~num.ext.
utf8 UTF8 is the filesystem safe 8-bit encoding of Unicode that is used by the
console. It can be be enabled for the filesystem with this option. If
'uni_xlate' gets set, UTF8 gets disabled.
shortname=[lower|win95|winnt|mixed]
Defines the behaviour for creation and display of filenames which fit into
8.3 characters. If a long name for a file exists, it will always be pre-
ferred display. There are four modes:
lower Force the short name to lower case upon display; store a long name
when the short name is not all upper case.
win95 Force the short name to upper case upon display; store a long name
when the short name is not all upper case.
winnt Display the shortname as is; store a long name when the short name is
not all lower case or all upper case.
mixed Display the short name as is; store a long name when the short name
is not all upper case.
The default is "lower".
Mount options for usbfs
devuid=uid and devgid=gid and devmode=mode
Set the owner and group and mode of the device files in the usbfs file sys-
tem (default: uid=gid=0, mode=0644). The mode is given in octal.
busuid=uid and busgid=gid and busmode=mode
Set the owner and group and mode of the bus directories in the usbfs file
system (default: uid=gid=0, mode=0555). The mode is given in octal.
listuid=uid and listgid=gid and listmode=mode
Set the owner and group and mode of the file devices (default: uid=gid=0,
mode=0444). The mode is given in octal.
Mount options for xenix
None.
Mount options for xfs
biosize=size
Sets the preferred buffered I/O size (default size is 64K). size must be
expressed as the logarithm (base2) of the desired I/O size. Valid values
for this option are 14 through 16, inclusive (i.e. 16K, 32K, and 64K bytes).
On machines with a 4K pagesize, 13 (8K bytes) is also a valid size. The
preferred buffered I/O size can also be altered on an individual file basis
using the ioctl(2) system call.
dmapi / xdsm
Enable the DMAPI (Data Management API) event callouts.
logbufs=value
Set the number of in-memory log buffers. Valid numbers range from 2-8
inclusive. The default value is 8 buffers for filesystems with a blocksize
of 64K, 4 buffers for filesystems with a blocksize of 32K, 3 buffers for
filesystems with a blocksize of 16K, and 2 buffers for all other configura-
tions. Increasing the number of buffers may increase performance on some
workloads at the cost of the memory used for the additional log buffers and
their associated control structures.
logbsize=value
Set the size of each in-memory log buffer. Valid sizes are 16384 (16K) and
32768 (32K). The default value for machines with more than 32MB of memory
is 32768, machines with less memory use 16384 by default.
logdev=device and rtdev=device
Use an external log (metadata journal) and/or real-time device. An XFS
filesystem has up to three parts: a data section, a log section, and a real-
time section. The real-time section is optional, and the log section can be
separate from the data section or contained within it. Refer to xfs(5).
noalign
Data allocations will not be aligned at stripe unit boundaries.
noatime
Access timestamps are not updated when a file is read.
norecovery
The filesystem will be mounted without running log recovery. If the
filesystem was not cleanly unmounted, it is likely to be inconsistent when
mounted in norecovery mode. Some files or directories may not be accessible
because of this. Filesystems mounted norecovery must be mounted read-only
or the mount will fail.
nouuid Ignore the filesystem uuid. This avoids errors for duplicate uuids.
osyncisdsync
Make writes to files opened with the O_SYNC flag set behave as if the
O_DSYNC flag had been used instead. This can result in better performance
without compromising data safety. However if this option is in effect,
timestamp updates from O_SYNC writes can be lost if the system crashes.
quota / usrquota / uqnoenforce
User disk quota accounting enabled, and limits (optionally) enforced.
grpquota / gqnoenforce
Group disk quota accounting enabled and limits (optionally) enforced.
sunit=value and swidth=value
Used to specify the stripe unit and width for a RAID device or a stripe vol-
ume. value must be specified in 512-byte block units. If this option is
not specified and the filesystem was made on a stripe volume or the stripe
width or unit were specified for the RAID device at mkfs time, then the
mount system call will restore the value from the superblock. For filesys-
tems that are made directly on RAID devices, these options can be used to
override the information in the superblock if the underlying disk layout
changes after the filesystem has been created. The swidth option is
required if the sunit option has been specified, and must be a multiple of
the sunit value.
Mount options for xiafs
None. Although nothing is wrong with xiafs, it is not used much, and is not main-
tained. Probably one shouldn't use it. Since Linux version 2.1.21 xiafs is no
longer part of the kernel source.
THE LOOP DEVICE
One further possible type is a mount via the loop device. For example, the command
mount /tmp/fdimage /mnt -t msdos -o loop=/dev/loop3,blocksize=1024
will set up the loop device /dev/loop3 to correspond to the file /tmp/fdimage, and
then mount this device on /mnt.
This type of mount knows about three options, namely loop, offset and encryption,
that are really options to losetup(8). (These options can be used in addition to
those specific to the filesystem type.)
If no explicit loop device is mentioned (but just an option '-o loop' is given),
then mount will try to find some unused loop device and use that. If you are not
so unwise as to make /etc/mtab a symbolic link to /proc/mounts then any loop device
allocated by mount will be freed by umount. You can also free a loop device by
hand, using 'losetup -d', see losetup(8).
RETURN CODES
mount has the following return codes (the bits can be ORed):
0 success
1 incorrect invocation or permissions
2 system error (out of memory, cannot fork, no more loop devices)
4 internal mount bug or missing nfs support in mount
8 user interrupt
16 problems writing or locking /etc/mtab
32 mount failure
64 some mount succeeded
FILES
/etc/fstab file system table
/etc/mtab table of mounted file systems
/etc/mtab~ lock file
/etc/mtab.tmp temporary file
/etc/filesystems a list of filesystem types to try
SEE ALSO
mount(2), umount(2), fstab(5), umount(8), swapon(8), nfs(5), xfs(5), e2label(8),
xfs_admin(8), mountd(8), nfsd(8), mke2fs(8), tune2fs(8), losetup(8)
BUGS
It is possible for a corrupted file system to cause a crash.
Some Linux file systems don't support -o sync and -o dirsync (the ext2, ext3, fat
and vfat file systems do support synchronous updates (a la BSD) when mounted with
the sync option).
The -o remount may not be able to change mount parameters (all ext2fs-specific
parameters, except sb, are changeable with a remount, for example, but you can't
change gid or umask for the fatfs).
Mount by label or uuid will work only if your devices have the names listed in
/proc/partitions. In particular, it may well fail if the kernel was compiled with
devfs but devfs is not mounted.
It is possible that files /etc/mtab and /proc/mounts don't match. The first file is
based only on the mount command options, but the content of the second file also
depends on the kernel and others settings (e.g. remote NFS server. In particular
case the mount command may reports unreliable information about a NFS mount point
and the /proc/mounts file usually contains more reliable information.)
Checking files on NFS filesystem referenced by file descriptors (i.e. the fcntl and
ioctl families of functions) may lead to inconsistent result due to the lack of
consistency check in kernel even if noac is used.
HISTORY
A mount command existed in Version 5 AT&T UNIX.
Linux 2.6 2004-12-16 MOUNT(8)
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