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Notifier(3) Tcl Library Procedures Notifier(3)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
NAME
Tcl_CreateEventSource, Tcl_DeleteEventSource, Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime, Tcl_QueueEvent,
Tcl_ThreadQueueEvent, Tcl_ThreadAlert, Tcl_GetCurrentThread, Tcl_DeleteEvents, Tcl_InitNo-
tifier, Tcl_FinalizeNotifier, Tcl_WaitForEvent, Tcl_AlertNotifier, Tcl_SetTimer, Tcl_Ser-
viceAll, Tcl_ServiceEvent, Tcl_GetServiceMode, Tcl_SetServiceMode - the event queue and
notifier interfaces
SYNOPSIS
#include <tcl.h>
void
Tcl_CreateEventSource(setupProc, checkProc, clientData)
void
Tcl_DeleteEventSource(setupProc, checkProc, clientData)
void
Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime(timePtr)
void
Tcl_QueueEvent(evPtr, position)
void
Tcl_ThreadQueueEvent(threadId, evPtr, position)
void
Tcl_ThreadAlert(threadId)
Tcl_ThreadId
Tcl_GetCurrentThread()
void
Tcl_DeleteEvents(deleteProc, clientData)
ClientData
Tcl_InitNotifier()
void
Tcl_FinalizeNotifier(clientData)
int
Tcl_WaitForEvent(timePtr)
void
Tcl_AlertNotifier(clientData)
void
Tcl_SetTimer(timePtr)
int
Tcl_ServiceAll()
int
Tcl_ServiceEvent(flags)
int
Tcl_GetServiceMode()
int
Tcl_SetServiceMode(mode)
void
Tcl_ServiceModeHook(mode)
void
Tcl_SetNotifier(notifierProcPtr)
ARGUMENTS
Tcl_EventSetupProc *setupProc (in) Procedure to invoke to prepare for
event wait in Tcl_DoOneEvent.
Tcl_EventCheckProc *checkProc (in) Procedure for Tcl_DoOneEvent to invoke
after waiting for events. Checks to
see if any events have occurred and, if
so, queues them.
ClientData clientData (in) Arbitrary one-word value to pass to
setupProc, checkProc, or deleteProc.
Tcl_Time *timePtr (in) Indicates the maximum amount of time to
wait for an event. This is specified
as an interval (how long to wait), not
an absolute time (when to wakeup). If
the pointer passed to Tcl_WaitForEvent
is NULL, it means there is no maximum
wait time: wait forever if necessary.
Tcl_Event *evPtr (in) An event to add to the event queue.
The storage for the event must have
been allocated by the caller using
Tcl_Alloc or ckalloc.
Tcl_QueuePosition position (in) Where to add the new event in the
queue: TCL_QUEUE_TAIL, TCL_QUEUE_HEAD,
or TCL_QUEUE_MARK.
Tcl_ThreadId threadId (in) A unique identifier for a thread.
Tcl_EventDeleteProc *deleteProc (in) Procedure to invoke for each queued
event in Tcl_DeleteEvents.
int flags (in) What types of events to service. These
flags are the same as those passed to
Tcl_DoOneEvent.
int mode (in) Indicates whether events should be ser-
viced by Tcl_ServiceAll. Must be one
of TCL_SERVICE_NONE or TCL_SERVICE_ALL.
Tcl_NotifierProcs* notifierProcPtr (in) Structure of function pointers describ-
ing notifier procedures that are to
replace the ones installed in the exe-
cutable. See REPLACING THE NOTIFIER
for details.
_________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
The interfaces described here are used to customize the Tcl event loop. The two most com-
mon customizations are to add new sources of events and to merge Tcl's event loop with
some other event loop, such as one provided by an application in which Tcl is embedded.
Each of these tasks is described in a separate section below.
The procedures in this manual entry are the building blocks out of which the Tcl event
notifier is constructed. The event notifier is the lowest layer in the Tcl event mecha-
nism. It consists of three things:
[1] Event sources: these represent the ways in which events can be generated. For
example, there is a timer event source that implements the Tcl_CreateTimerHandler
procedure and the after command, and there is a file event source that implements
the Tcl_CreateFileHandler procedure on Unix systems. An event source must work
with the notifier to detect events at the right times, record them on the event
queue, and eventually notify higher-level software that they have occurred. The
procedures Tcl_CreateEventSource, Tcl_DeleteEventSource, and Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime,
Tcl_QueueEvent, and Tcl_DeleteEvents are used primarily by event sources.
[2] The event queue: for non-threaded applications, there is a single queue for the
whole application, containing events that have been detected but not yet serviced.
Event sources place events onto the queue so that they may be processed in order at
appropriate times during the event loop. The event queue guarantees a fair disci-
pline of event handling, so that no event source can starve the others. It also
allows events to be saved for servicing at a future time. Threaded applications
work in a similar manner, except that there is a separate event queue for each
thread containing a Tcl interpreter. Tcl_QueueEvent is used (primarily by event
sources) to add events to the event queue and Tcl_DeleteEvents is used to remove
events from the queue without processing them. In a threaded application,
Tcl_QueueEvent adds an event to the current thread's queue, and Tcl_Thread-
QueueEvent adds an event to a queue in a specific thread.
[3] The event loop: in order to detect and process events, the application enters a
loop that waits for events to occur, places them on the event queue, and then pro-
cesses them. Most applications will do this by calling the procedure
Tcl_DoOneEvent, which is described in a separate manual entry.
Most Tcl applications need not worry about any of the internals of the Tcl notifier. How-
ever, the notifier now has enough flexibility to be retargeted either for a new platform
or to use an external event loop (such as the Motif event loop, when Tcl is embedded in a
Motif application). The procedures Tcl_WaitForEvent and Tcl_SetTimer are normally imple-
mented by Tcl, but may be replaced with new versions to retarget the notifier (the
Tcl_InitNotifier, Tcl_AlertNotifier, Tcl_FinalizeNotifier, Tcl_Sleep, Tcl_CreateFileHan-
dler, and Tcl_DeleteFileHandler must also be replaced; see CREATING A NEW NOTIFIER below
for details). The procedures Tcl_ServiceAll, Tcl_ServiceEvent, Tcl_GetServiceMode, and
Tcl_SetServiceMode are provided to help connect Tcl's event loop to an external event loop
such as Motif's.
NOTIFIER BASICS
The easiest way to understand how the notifier works is to consider what happens when
Tcl_DoOneEvent is called. Tcl_DoOneEvent is passed a flags argument that indicates what
sort of events it is OK to process and also whether or not to block if no events are
ready. Tcl_DoOneEvent does the following things:
[1] Check the event queue to see if it contains any events that can be serviced. If
so, service the first possible event, remove it from the queue, and return. It
does this by calling Tcl_ServiceEvent and passing in the flags argument.
[2] Prepare to block for an event. To do this, Tcl_DoOneEvent invokes a setup proce-
dure in each event source. The event source will perform event-source specific
initialization and possibly call Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime to limit how long Tcl_Wait-
ForEvent will block if no new events occur.
[3] Call Tcl_WaitForEvent. This procedure is implemented differently on different
platforms; it waits for an event to occur, based on the information provided by
the event sources. It may cause the application to block if timePtr specifies an
interval other than 0. Tcl_WaitForEvent returns when something has happened, such
as a file becoming readable or the interval given by timePtr expiring. If there
are no events for Tcl_WaitForEvent to wait for, so that it would block forever,
then it returns immediately and Tcl_DoOneEvent returns 0.
[4] Call a check procedure in each event source. The check procedure determines
whether any events of interest to this source occurred. If so, the events are
added to the event queue.
[5] Check the event queue to see if it contains any events that can be serviced. If
so, service the first possible event, remove it from the queue, and return.
[6] See if there are idle callbacks pending. If so, invoke all of them and return.
[7] Either return 0 to indicate that no events were ready, or go back to step [2] if
blocking was requested by the caller.
CREATING A NEW EVENT SOURCE
An event source consists of three procedures invoked by the notifier, plus additional C
procedures that are invoked by higher-level code to arrange for event-driven callbacks.
The three procedures called by the notifier consist of the setup and check procedures
described above, plus an additional procedure that is invoked when an event is removed
from the event queue for servicing.
The procedure Tcl_CreateEventSource creates a new event source. Its arguments specify the
setup procedure and check procedure for the event source. SetupProc should match the fol-
lowing prototype:
typedef void Tcl_EventSetupProc(
ClientData clientData,
int flags);
The clientData argument will be the same as the clientData argument to Tcl_Cre-
ateEventSource; it is typically used to point to private information managed by the event
source. The flags argument will be the same as the flags argument passed to
Tcl_DoOneEvent except that it will never be 0 (Tcl_DoOneEvent replaces 0 with
TCL_ALL_EVENTS). Flags indicates what kinds of events should be considered; if the bit
corresponding to this event source is not set, the event source should return immediately
without doing anything. For example, the file event source checks for the TCL_FILE_EVENTS
bit.
SetupProc's job is to make sure that the application wakes up when events of the desired
type occur. This is typically done in a platform-dependent fashion. For example, under
Unix an event source might call Tcl_CreateFileHandler; under Windows it might request
notification with a Windows event. For timer-driven event sources such as timer events or
any polled event, the event source can call Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime to force the application
to wake up after a specified time even if no events have occurred. If no event source
calls Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime then Tcl_WaitForEvent will wait as long as necessary for an
event to occur; otherwise, it will only wait as long as the shortest interval passed to
Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime by one of the event sources. If an event source knows that it already
has events ready to report, it can request a zero maximum block time. For example, the
setup procedure for the X event source looks to see if there are events already queued.
If there are, it calls Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime with a 0 block time so that Tcl_WaitForEvent
does not block if there is no new data on the X connection. The timePtr argument to
Tcl_WaitForEvent points to a structure that describes a time interval in seconds and
microseconds:
typedef struct Tcl_Time {
long sec;
long usec;
} Tcl_Time;
The usec field should be less than 1000000.
Information provided to Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime is only used for the next call to Tcl_Wait-
ForEvent; it is discarded after Tcl_WaitForEvent returns. The next time an event wait is
done each of the event sources' setup procedures will be called again, and they can spec-
ify new information for that event wait.
If the application uses an external event loop rather than Tcl_DoOneEvent, the event
sources may need to call Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime at other times. For example, if a new event
handler is registered that needs to poll for events, the event source may call Tcl_Set-
MaxBlockTime to set the block time to zero to force the external event loop to call Tcl.
In this case, Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime invokes Tcl_SetTimer with the shortest interval seen
since the last call to Tcl_DoOneEvent or Tcl_ServiceAll.
In addition to the generic procedure Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime, other platform-specific proce-
dures may also be available for setupProc, if there is additional information needed by
Tcl_WaitForEvent on that platform. For example, on Unix systems the Tcl_CreateFileHandler
interface can be used to wait for file events.
The second procedure provided by each event source is its check procedure, indicated by
the checkProc argument to Tcl_CreateEventSource. CheckProc must match the following pro-
totype:
typedef void Tcl_EventCheckProc(
ClientData clientData,
int flags);
The arguments to this procedure are the same as those for setupProc. CheckProc is invoked
by Tcl_DoOneEvent after it has waited for events. Presumably at least one event source is
now prepared to queue an event. Tcl_DoOneEvent calls each of the event sources in turn,
so they all have a chance to queue any events that are ready. The check procedure does
two things. First, it must see if any events have triggered. Different event sources do
this in different ways.
If an event source's check procedure detects an interesting event, it must add the event
to Tcl's event queue. To do this, the event source calls Tcl_QueueEvent. The evPtr argu-
ment is a pointer to a dynamically allocated structure containing the event (see below for
more information on memory management issues). Each event source can define its own event
structure with whatever information is relevant to that event source. However, the first
element of the structure must be a structure of type Tcl_Event, and the address of this
structure is used when communicating between the event source and the rest of the noti-
fier. A Tcl_Event has the following definition:
typedef struct {
Tcl_EventProc *proc;
struct Tcl_Event *nextPtr;
} Tcl_Event;
The event source must fill in the proc field of the event before calling Tcl_QueueEvent.
The nextPtr is used to link together the events in the queue and should not be modified by
the event source.
An event may be added to the queue at any of three positions, depending on the position
argument to Tcl_QueueEvent:
TCL_QUEUE_TAIL Add the event at the back of the queue, so that all other pending
events will be serviced first. This is almost always the right
place for new events.
TCL_QUEUE_HEAD Add the event at the front of the queue, so that it will be ser-
viced before all other queued events.
TCL_QUEUE_MARK Add the event at the front of the queue, unless there are other
events at the front whose position is TCL_QUEUE_MARK; if so, add
the new event just after all other TCL_QUEUE_MARK events. This
value of position is used to insert an ordered sequence of events
at the front of the queue, such as a series of Enter and Leave
events synthesized during a grab or ungrab operation in Tk.
When it is time to handle an event from the queue (steps 1 and 4 above) Tcl_ServiceEvent
will invoke the proc specified in the first queued Tcl_Event structure. Proc must match
the following prototype:
typedef int Tcl_EventProc(
Tcl_Event *evPtr,
int flags);
The first argument to proc is a pointer to the event, which will be the same as the first
argument to the Tcl_QueueEvent call that added the event to the queue. The second argu-
ment to proc is the flags argument for the current call to Tcl_ServiceEvent; this is used
by the event source to return immediately if its events are not relevant.
It is up to proc to handle the event, typically by invoking one or more Tcl commands or C-
level callbacks. Once the event source has finished handling the event it returns 1 to
indicate that the event can be removed from the queue. If for some reason the event
source decides that the event cannot be handled at this time, it may return 0 to indicate
that the event should be deferred for processing later; in this case Tcl_ServiceEvent
will go on to the next event in the queue and attempt to service it. There are several
reasons why an event source might defer an event. One possibility is that events of this
type are excluded by the flags argument. For example, the file event source will always
return 0 if the TCL_FILE_EVENTS bit is not set in flags. Another example of deferring
events happens in Tk if Tk_RestrictEvents has been invoked to defer certain kinds of win-
dow events.
When proc returns 1, Tcl_ServiceEvent will remove the event from the event queue and free
its storage. Note that the storage for an event must be allocated by the event source
(using Tcl_Alloc or the Tcl macro ckalloc) before calling Tcl_QueueEvent, but it will be
freed by Tcl_ServiceEvent, not by the event source.
Threaded applications work in a similar manner, except that there is a separate event
queue for each thread containing a Tcl interpreter. Calling Tcl_QueueEvent in a multi-
threaded application adds an event to the current thread's queue. To add an event to
another thread's queue, use Tcl_ThreadQueueEvent. Tcl_ThreadQueueEvent accepts as an
argument a Tcl_ThreadId argument, which uniquely identifies a thread in a Tcl application.
To obtain the Tcl_ThreadID for the current thread, use the Tcl_GetCurrentThread procedure.
(A thread would then need to pass this identifier to other threads for those threads to be
able to add events to its queue.) After adding an event to another thread's queue, you
then typically need to call Tcl_ThreadAlert to "wake up" that thread's notifier to alert
it to the new event.
Tcl_DeleteEvents can be used to explicitly remove one or more events from the event queue.
Tcl_DeleteEvents calls proc for each event in the queue, deleting those for with the pro-
cedure returns 1. Events for which the procedure returns 0 are left in the queue. Proc
should match the following prototype:
typedef int Tcl_EventDeleteProc(
Tcl_Event *evPtr,
ClientData clientData);
The clientData argument will be the same as the clientData argument to Tcl_DeleteEvents;
it is typically used to point to private information managed by the event source. The
evPtr will point to the next event in the queue.
Tcl_DeleteEventSource deletes an event source. The setupProc, checkProc, and clientData
arguments must exactly match those provided to the Tcl_CreateEventSource for the event
source to be deleted. If no such source exists, Tcl_DeleteEventSource has no effect.
CREATING A NEW NOTIFIER
The notifier consists of all the procedures described in this manual entry, plus
Tcl_DoOneEvent and Tcl_Sleep, which are available on all platforms, and Tcl_CreateFileHan-
dler and Tcl_DeleteFileHandler, which are Unix-specific. Most of these procedures are
generic, in that they are the same for all notifiers. However, none of the procedures are
notifier-dependent: Tcl_InitNotifier, Tcl_AlertNotifier, Tcl_FinalizeNotifier, Tcl_Set-
Timer, Tcl_Sleep, Tcl_WaitForEvent, Tcl_CreateFileHandler, Tcl_DeleteFileHandler and
Tcl_ServiceModeHook. To support a new platform or to integrate Tcl with an application-
specific event loop, you must write new versions of these procedures.
Tcl_InitNotifier initializes the notifier state and returns a handle to the notifier
state. Tcl calls this procedure when initializing a Tcl interpreter. Similarly,
Tcl_FinalizeNotifier shuts down the notifier, and is called by Tcl_Finalize when shutting
down a Tcl interpreter.
Tcl_WaitForEvent is the lowest-level procedure in the notifier; it is responsible for
waiting for an "interesting" event to occur or for a given time to elapse. Before
Tcl_WaitForEvent is invoked, each of the event sources' setup procedure will have been
invoked. The timePtr argument to Tcl_WaitForEvent gives the maximum time to block for an
event, based on calls to Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime made by setup procedures and on other infor-
mation (such as the TCL_DONT_WAIT bit in flags).
Ideally, Tcl_WaitForEvent should only wait for an event to occur; it should not actually
process the event in any way. Later on, the event sources will process the raw events and
create Tcl_Events on the event queue in their checkProc procedures. However, on some
platforms (such as Windows) this is not possible; events may be processed in Tcl_Wait-
ForEvent, including queuing Tcl_Events and more (for example, callbacks for native widgets
may be invoked). The return value from Tcl_WaitForEvent must be either 0, 1, or -1. On
platforms such as Windows where events get processed in Tcl_WaitForEvent, a return value
of 1 means that there may be more events still pending that have not been processed. This
is a sign to the caller that it must call Tcl_WaitForEvent again if it wants all pending
events to be processed. A 0 return value means that calling Tcl_WaitForEvent again will
not have any effect: either this is a platform where Tcl_WaitForEvent only waits without
doing any event processing, or Tcl_WaitForEvent knows for sure that there are no addi-
tional events to process (e.g. it returned because the time elapsed). Finally, a return
value of -1 means that the event loop is no longer operational and the application should
probably unwind and terminate. Under Windows this happens when a WM_QUIT message is
received; under Unix it happens when Tcl_WaitForEvent would have waited forever because
there were no active event sources and the timeout was infinite.
Tcl_AlertNotifier is used in multithreaded applications to allow any thread to "wake up"
the notifier to alert it to new events on its queue. Tcl_AlertNotifier requires as an
argument the notifier handle returned by Tcl_InitNotifier.
If the notifier will be used with an external event loop, then it must also support the
Tcl_SetTimer interface. Tcl_SetTimer is invoked by Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime whenever the maxi-
mum blocking time has been reduced. Tcl_SetTimer should arrange for the external event
loop to invoke Tcl_ServiceAll after the specified interval even if no events have
occurred. This interface is needed because Tcl_WaitForEvent is not invoked when there is
an external event loop. If the notifier will only be used from Tcl_DoOneEvent, then
Tcl_SetTimer need not do anything.
Tcl_ServiceModeHook is called by the platform-independent portion of the notifier when
client code makes a call to Tcl_SetServiceMode. This hook is provided to support operating
systems that require special event handling when the application is in a modal loop (the
Windows notifier, for instance, uses this hook to create a communication window).
On Unix systems, the file event source also needs support from the notifier. The file
event source consists of the Tcl_CreateFileHandler and Tcl_DeleteFileHandler procedures,
which are described in the Tcl_CreateFileHandler manual page.
The Tcl_Sleep and Tcl_DoOneEvent interfaces are described in their respective manual
pages.
The easiest way to create a new notifier is to look at the code for an existing notifier,
such as the files unix/tclUnixNotfy.c or win/tclWinNotify.c in the Tcl source distribu-
tion.
REPLACING THE NOTIFIER
A notifier that has been written according to the conventions above can also be installed
in a running process in place of the standard notifier. This mechanism is used so that a
single executable can be used (with the standard notifier) as a stand-alone program and
reused (with a replacement notifier in a loadable extension) as an extension to another
program, such as a Web browser plugin.
To do this, the extension makes a call to Tcl_SetNotifier passing a pointer to a Tcl_Noti-
fierProcs data structure. The structure has the following layout:
typedef struct Tcl_NotifierProcs {
Tcl_SetTimerProc *setTimerProc;
Tcl_WaitForEventProc *waitForEventProc;
Tcl_CreateFileHandlerProc *createFileHandlerProc;
Tcl_DeleteFileHandlerProc *deleteFileHandlerProc;
Tcl_InitNotifierProc *initNotifierProc;
Tcl_FinalizeNotifierProc *finalizeNotifierProc;
Tcl_AlertNotifierProc *alertNotifierProc;
Tcl_ServiceModeHookProc *serviceModeHookProc;
} Tcl_NotifierProcs;
Following the call to Tcl_SetNotifier, the pointers given in the Tcl_NotifierProcs struc-
ture replace whatever notifier had been installed in the process.
It is extraordinarily unwise to replace a running notifier. Normally, Tcl_SetNotifier
should be called at process initialization time before the first call to Tcl_InitNotifier.
EXTERNAL EVENT LOOPS
The notifier interfaces are designed so that Tcl can be embedded into applications that
have their own private event loops. In this case, the application does not call
Tcl_DoOneEvent except in the case of recursive event loops such as calls to the Tcl com-
mands update or vwait. Most of the time is spent in the external event loop of the appli-
cation. In this case the notifier must arrange for the external event loop to call back
into Tcl when something happens on the various Tcl event sources. These callbacks should
arrange for appropriate Tcl events to be placed on the Tcl event queue.
Because the external event loop is not calling Tcl_DoOneEvent on a regular basis, it is up
to the notifier to arrange for Tcl_ServiceEvent to be called whenever events are pending
on the Tcl event queue. The easiest way to do this is to invoke Tcl_ServiceAll at the end
of each callback from the external event loop. This will ensure that all of the event
sources are polled, any queued events are serviced, and any pending idle handlers are pro-
cessed before returning control to the application. In addition, event sources that need
to poll for events can call Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime to force the external event loop to call
Tcl even if no events are available on the system event queue.
As a side effect of processing events detected in the main external event loop, Tcl may
invoke Tcl_DoOneEvent to start a recursive event loop in commands like vwait.
Tcl_DoOneEvent will invoke the external event loop, which will result in callbacks as
described in the preceding paragraph, which will result in calls to Tcl_ServiceAll. How-
ever, in these cases it is undesirable to service events in Tcl_ServiceAll. Servicing
events there is unnecessary because control will immediately return to the external event
loop and hence to Tcl_DoOneEvent, which can service the events itself. Furthermore,
Tcl_DoOneEvent is supposed to service only a single event, whereas Tcl_ServiceAll normally
services all pending events. To handle this situation, Tcl_DoOneEvent sets a flag for
Tcl_ServiceAll that causes it to return without servicing any events. This flag is called
the service mode; Tcl_DoOneEvent restores it to its previous value before it returns.
In some cases, however, it may be necessary for Tcl_ServiceAll to service events even when
it has been invoked from Tcl_DoOneEvent. This happens when there is yet another recursive
event loop invoked via an event handler called by Tcl_DoOneEvent (such as one that is part
of a native widget). In this case, Tcl_DoOneEvent may not have a chance to service events
so Tcl_ServiceAll must service them all. Any recursive event loop that calls an external
event loop rather than Tcl_DoOneEvent must reset the service mode so that all events get
processed in Tcl_ServiceAll. This is done by invoking the Tcl_SetServiceMode procedure.
If Tcl_SetServiceMode is passed TCL_SERVICE_NONE, then calls to Tcl_ServiceAll will return
immediately without processing any events. If Tcl_SetServiceMode is passed TCL_SER-
VICE_ALL, then calls to Tcl_ServiceAll will behave normally. Tcl_SetServiceMode returns
the previous value of the service mode, which should be restored when the recursive loop
exits. Tcl_GetServiceMode returns the current value of the service mode.
SEE ALSO
Tcl_CreateFileHandler, Tcl_DeleteFileHandler, Tcl_Sleep, Tcl_DoOneEvent, Thread(3)
KEYWORDS
event, notifier, event queue, event sources, file events, timer, idle, service mode,
threads
Tcl 8.1 Notifier(3)
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