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LESSKEY(1) General Commands Manual LESSKEY(1)
NAME
lesskey - specify key bindings for less
SYNOPSIS
lesskey [-o output] [--] [input]
lesskey [--output=output] [--] [input]
lesskey -V
lesskey --version
DESCRIPTION
Lesskey is used to specify a set of key bindings to be used by less. The input file is a
text file which describes the key bindings. If the input file is "-", standard input is
read. If no input file is specified, a standard filename is used as the name of the input
file, which depends on the system being used: On Unix systems, $HOME/.lesskey is used; on
MS-DOS systems, $HOME/_lesskey is used; and on OS/2 systems $HOME/lesskey.ini is used, or
$INIT/lesskey.ini if $HOME is undefined. The output file is a binary file which is used
by less. If no output file is specified, and the environment variable LESSKEY is set, the
value of LESSKEY is used as the name of the output file. Otherwise, a standard filename
is used as the name of the output file, which depends on the system being used: On Unix
and OS-9 systems, $HOME/.less is used; on MS-DOS systems, $HOME/_less is used; and on OS/2
systems, $HOME/less.ini is used, or $INIT/less.ini if $HOME is undefined. If the output
file already exists, lesskey will overwrite it.
The -V or --version option causes lesskey to print its version number and immediately
exit. If -V or --version is present, other options and arguments are ignored.
The input file consists of one or more sections. Each section starts with a line that
identifies the type of section. Possible sections are:
#command
Defines new command keys.
#line-edit
Defines new line-editing keys.
#env Defines environment variables.
Blank lines and lines which start with a pound sign (#) are ignored, except for the spe-
cial section header lines.
COMMAND SECTION
The command section begins with the line
#command
If the command section is the first section in the file, this line may be omitted. The
command section consists of lines of the form:
string <whitespace> action [extra-string] <newline>
Whitespace is any sequence of one or more spaces and/or tabs. The string is the command
key(s) which invoke the action. The string may be a single command key, or a sequence of
up to 15 keys. The action is the name of the less action, from the list below. The char-
acters in the string may appear literally, or be prefixed by a caret to indicate a control
key. A backslash followed by one to three octal digits may be used to specify a character
by its octal value. A backslash followed by certain characters specifies input characters
as follows:
\b BACKSPACE
\e ESCAPE
\n NEWLINE
\r RETURN
\t TAB
\ku UP ARROW
\kd DOWN ARROW
\kr RIGHT ARROW
\kl LEFT ARROW
\kU PAGE UP
\kD PAGE DOWN
\kh HOME
\ke END
\kx DELETE
A backslash followed by any other character indicates that character is to be taken liter-
ally. Characters which must be preceded by backslash include caret, space, tab and the
backslash itself.
An action may be followed by an "extra" string. When such a command is entered while run-
ning less, the action is performed, and then the extra string is parsed, just as if it
were typed in to less. This feature can be used in certain cases to extend the function-
ality of a command. For example, see the "{" and ":t" commands in the example below. The
extra string has a special meaning for the "quit" action: when less quits, first character
of the extra string is used as its exit status.
EXAMPLE
The following input file describes the set of default command keys used by less:
#command
\r forw-line
\n forw-line
e forw-line
j forw-line
\kd forw-line
^E forw-line
^N forw-line
k back-line
y back-line
^Y back-line
^K back-line
^P back-line
J forw-line-force
K back-line-force
Y back-line-force
d forw-scroll
^D forw-scroll
u back-scroll
^U back-scroll
\40 forw-screen
f forw-screen
^F forw-screen
^V forw-screen
\kD forw-screen
b back-screen
^B back-screen
\ev back-screen
\kU back-screen
z forw-window
w back-window
\e\40 forw-screen-force
F forw-forever
\eF forw-until-hilite
R repaint-flush
r repaint
^R repaint
^L repaint
\eu undo-hilite
g goto-line
\kh goto-line
< goto-line
\e< goto-line
p percent
% percent
\e[ left-scroll
\e] right-scroll
\e( left-scroll
\e) right-scroll
{ forw-bracket {}
} back-bracket {}
( forw-bracket ()
) back-bracket ()
[ forw-bracket []
] back-bracket []
\e^F forw-bracket
\e^B back-bracket
G goto-end
\e> goto-end
> goto-end
\ke goto-end
= status
^G status
:f status
/ forw-search
? back-search
\e/ forw-search *
\e? back-search *
n repeat-search
\en repeat-search-all
N reverse-search
\eN reverse-search-all
& filter
m set-mark
' goto-mark
^X^X goto-mark
E examine
:e examine
^X^V examine
:n next-file
:p prev-file
t next-tag
T prev-tag
:x index-file
:d remove-file
- toggle-option
:t toggle-option t
s toggle-option o
_ display-option
| pipe
v visual
! shell
+ firstcmd
H help
h help
V version
0 digit
1 digit
2 digit
3 digit
4 digit
5 digit
6 digit
7 digit
8 digit
9 digit
q quit
Q quit
:q quit
:Q quit
ZZ quit
PRECEDENCE
Commands specified by lesskey take precedence over the default commands. A default com-
mand key may be disabled by including it in the input file with the action "invalid".
Alternatively, a key may be defined to do nothing by using the action "noaction". "noac-
tion" is similar to "invalid", but less will give an error beep for an "invalid" command,
but not for a "noaction" command. In addition, ALL default commands may be disabled by
adding this control line to the input file:
#stop
This will cause all default commands to be ignored. The #stop line should be the last
line in that section of the file.
Be aware that #stop can be dangerous. Since all default commands are disabled, you must
provide sufficient commands before the #stop line to enable all necessary actions. For
example, failure to provide a "quit" command can lead to frustration.
LINE EDITING SECTION
The line-editing section begins with the line:
#line-edit
This section specifies new key bindings for the line editing commands, in a manner similar
to the way key bindings for ordinary commands are specified in the #command section. The
line-editing section consists of a list of keys and actions, one per line as in the exam-
ple below.
EXAMPLE
The following input file describes the set of default line-editing keys used by less:
#line-edit
\t forw-complete
\17 back-complete
\e\t back-complete
^L expand
^V literal
^A literal
\el right
\kr right
\eh left
\kl left
\eb word-left
\e\kl word-left
\ew word-right
\e\kr word-right
\ei insert
\ex delete
\kx delete
\eX word-delete
\ekx word-delete
\e\b word-backspace
\e0 home
\kh home
\e$ end
\ke end
\ek up
\ku up
\ej down
^G abort
LESS ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The environment variable section begins with the line
#env
Following this line is a list of environment variable assignments. Each line consists of
an environment variable name, an equals sign (=) and the value to be assigned to the envi-
ronment variable. White space before and after the equals sign is ignored. Variables
assigned in this way are visible only to less. If a variable is specified in the system
environment and also in a lesskey file, the value in the lesskey file takes precedence.
Although the lesskey file can be used to override variables set in the environment, the
main purpose of assigning variables in the lesskey file is simply to have all less config-
uration information stored in one file.
EXAMPLE
The following input file sets the -i option whenever less is run, and specifies the char-
acter set to be "latin1":
#env
LESS = -i
LESSCHARSET = latin1
SEE ALSO
less(1)
WARNINGS
On MS-DOS and OS/2 systems, certain keys send a sequence of characters which start with a
NUL character (0). This NUL character should be represented as \340 in a lesskey file.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2000-2012 Mark Nudelman
lesskey is part of the GNU project and is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Soft-
ware Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later version.
lesskey is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; with-
out even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See
the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with lesskey; see
the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place, Suite
330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
AUTHOR
Mark Nudelman <bug-less AT gnu.org>
Send bug reports or comments to bug-less AT gnu.org.
Version 458: 04 Apr 2013 LESSKEY(1)
Generated by $Id: phpMan.php,v 4.55 2007/09/05 04:42:51 chedong Exp $ Author: Che Dong
On Apache/2.4.6 (CentOS)
Under GNU General Public License
2024-11-22 23:54 @127.0.0.1 CrawledBy Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)