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Under GNU General Public License
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SYSTEMD.SPECIAL(7) systemd.special SYSTEMD.SPECIAL(7)
NAME
systemd.special - Special systemd units
SYNOPSIS
basic.target, bluetooth.target, ctrl-alt-del.target, cryptsetup.target,
cryptsetup-pre.target, dbus.service, dbus.socket, default.target, display-manager.service,
emergency.target, exit.target, final.target, getty.target, getty-pre.target,
graphical.target, halt.target, hibernate.target, hybrid-sleep.target, initrd-fs.target,
kbrequest.target, kexec.target, local-fs.target, local-fs-pre.target, multi-user.target,
network.target, network-online.target, network-pre.target, nss-lookup.target,
nss-user-lookup.target, paths.target, poweroff.target, printer.target, reboot.target,
remote-cryptsetup.target, remote-fs.target, remote-fs-pre.target, rescue.target,
initrd-root-fs.target, rpcbind.target, runlevel2.target, runlevel3.target,
runlevel4.target, runlevel5.target, shutdown.target, sigpwr.target, sleep.target,
smartcard.target, sockets.target, sound.target, suspend.target, swap.target,
sysinit.target, syslog.socket, system-update.target, time-sync.target, timers.target,
umount.target, -.slice, system.slice, user.slice, machine.slice
DESCRIPTION
A few units are treated specially by systemd. They have special internal semantics and
cannot be renamed.
SPECIAL SYSTEM UNITS
basic.target
A special target unit covering basic boot-up.
systemd automatically adds dependencies of the types Requires= and After= for this
target unit to all services (except for those with DefaultDependencies=no).
Usually this should pull-in all mount points, swap devices, sockets, timers, and path
units and other basic initialization necessary for general purpose daemons.
ctrl-alt-del.target
systemd starts this target whenever Control+Alt+Del is pressed on the console. Usually
this should be aliased (symlinked) to reboot.target.
cryptsetup.target
A target that pulls in setup services for all encrypted block devices.
dbus.service
A special unit for the D-Bus bus daemon. As soon as this service is fully started up
systemd will connect to it and register its service.
dbus.socket
A special unit for the D-Bus system bus socket. All units with Type=dbus automatically
gain a dependency on this unit.
default.target
The default unit systemd starts at bootup. Usually this should be aliased (symlinked)
to multi-user.target or graphical.target.
The default unit systemd starts at bootup can be overridden with the systemd.unit=
kernel command line option.
display-manager.service
The display manager service. Usually this should be aliased (symlinked) to gdm.service
or a similar display manager service.
emergency.target
A special target unit that starts an emergency shell on the main console. This unit is
supposed to be used with the kernel command line option systemd.unit= and has
otherwise little use.
final.target
A special target unit that is used during the shutdown logic and may be used to pull
in late services after all normal services are already terminated and all mounts
unmounted.
getty.target
A special target unit that pulls in statically configured local TTY getty instances.
getty-pre.target
A special passive target unit. Users of this target are expected to pull it in the
boot transaction via a dependency (e.g. Wants=). Order your unit before this unit if
you want to make use of the console just before getty is started.
graphical.target
A special target unit for setting up a graphical login screen. This pulls in
multi-user.target.
Units that are needed for graphical logins shall add Wants= dependencies for their
unit to this unit (or multi-user.target) during installation. This is best configured
via WantedBy=graphical.target in the unit's "[Install]" section.
hibernate.target
A special target unit for hibernating the system. This pulls in sleep.target.
hybrid-sleep.target
A special target unit for hibernating and suspending the system at the same time. This
pulls in sleep.target.
halt.target
A special target unit for shutting down and halting the system. Note that this target
is distinct from poweroff.target in that it generally really just halts the system
rather than powering it down.
Applications wanting to halt the system should start this unit.
initrd-fs.target
systemd-fstab-generator(3) automatically adds dependencies of type Before= to
sysroot-usr.mount and all mount points found in /etc/fstab that have x-initrd.mount
and not have noauto mount options set.
kbrequest.target
systemd starts this target whenever Alt+ArrowUp is pressed on the console. This is a
good candidate to be aliased (symlinked) to rescue.target.
kexec.target
A special target unit for shutting down and rebooting the system via kexec.
Applications wanting to reboot the system with kexec should start this unit.
local-fs.target
systemd-fstab-generator(3) automatically adds dependencies of type Before= to all
mount units that refer to local mount points for this target unit. In addition, it
adds dependencies of type Wants= to this target unit for those mounts listed in
/etc/fstab that have the auto mount option set.
multi-user.target
A special target unit for setting up a multi-user system (non-graphical). This is
pulled in by graphical.target.
Units that are needed for a multi-user system shall add Wants= dependencies for their
unit to this unit during installation. This is best configured via
WantedBy=multi-user.target in the unit's "[Install]" section.
network-online.target
Units that strictly require a configured network connection should pull in
network-online.target (via a Wants= type dependency) and order themselves after it.
This target unit is intended to pull in a service that delays further execution until
the network is sufficiently set up. What precisely this requires is left to the
implementation of the network managing service.
Note the distinction between this unit and network.target. This unit is an active unit
(i.e. pulled in by the consumer rather than the provider of this functionality) and
pulls in a service which possibly adds substantial delays to further execution. In
contrast, network.target is a passive unit (i.e. pulled in by the provider of the
functionality, rather than the consumer) that usually does not delay execution much.
Usually, network.target is part of the boot of most systems, while
network-online.target is not, except when at least one unit requires it. Also see
Running Services After the Network is up[1] for more information.
All mount units for remote network file systems automatically pull in this unit, and
order themselves after it. Note that networking daemons that simply provide
functionality to other hosts generally do not need to pull this in.
paths.target
A special target unit that sets up all path units (see systemd.path(5) for details)
that shall be active after boot.
It is recommended that path units installed by applications get pulled in via Wants=
dependencies from this unit. This is best configured via a WantedBy=paths.target in
the path unit's "[Install]" section.
poweroff.target
A special target unit for shutting down and powering off the system.
Applications wanting to power off the system should start this unit.
runlevel0.target is an alias for this target unit, for compatibility with SysV.
reboot.target
A special target unit for shutting down and rebooting the system.
Applications wanting to reboot the system should start this unit.
runlevel6.target is an alias for this target unit, for compatibility with SysV.
remote-cryptsetup.target
Similar to cryptsetup.target, but for encrypted devices which are accessed over the
network. It is used for crypttab(8) entries marked with _netdev.
remote-fs.target
Similar to local-fs.target, but for remote mount points.
systemd automatically adds dependencies of type After= for this target unit to all
SysV init script service units with an LSB header referring to the "$remote_fs"
facility.
rescue.target
A special target unit for setting up the base system and a rescue shell.
runlevel1.target is an alias for this target unit, for compatibility with SysV.
initrd-root-fs.target
systemd-fstab-generator(3) automatically adds dependencies of type Before= to the
sysroot.mount unit, which is generated from the kernel command line.
runlevel2.target, runlevel3.target, runlevel4.target, runlevel5.target
These are targets that are called whenever the SysV compatibility code asks for
runlevel 2, 3, 4, 5, respectively. It is a good idea to make this an alias for (i.e.
symlink to) multi-user.target (for runlevel 2) or graphical.target (the others).
shutdown.target
A special target unit that terminates the services on system shutdown.
Services that shall be terminated on system shutdown shall add Conflicts= dependencies
to this unit for their service unit, which is implicitly done when
DefaultDependencies=yes is set (the default).
sigpwr.target
A special target that is started when systemd receives the SIGPWR process signal,
which is normally sent by the kernel or UPS daemons when power fails.
sleep.target
A special target unit that is pulled in by suspend.target, hibernate.target and
hybrid-sleep.target and may be used to hook units into the sleep state logic.
sockets.target
A special target unit that sets up all socket units.(see systemd.socket(5) for
details) that shall be active after boot.
Services that can be socket-activated shall add Wants= dependencies to this unit for
their socket unit during installation. This is best configured via a
WantedBy=sockets.target in the socket unit's "[Install]" section.
suspend.target
A special target unit for suspending the system. This pulls in sleep.target.
swap.target
Similar to local-fs.target, but for swap partitions and swap files.
sysinit.target
A special target unit covering early boot-up scripts.
syslog.socket
The socket unit syslog implementations should listen on. All userspace log messages
will be made available on this socket. For more information about syslog integration,
please consult the Syslog Interface[2] document.
system-update.target
A special target unit that is used for off-line system updates. systemd-system-
update-generator(8) will redirect the boot process to this target if /system-update
exists. For more information see the System Updates Specification[3].
timers.target
A special target unit that sets up all timer units (see systemd.timer(5) for details)
that shall be active after boot.
It is recommended that timer units installed by applications get pulled in via Wants=
dependencies from this unit. This is best configured via WantedBy=timers.target in the
timer unit's "[Install]" section.
umount.target
A special target unit that umounts all mount and automount points on system shutdown.
Mounts that shall be unmounted on system shutdown shall add Conflicts dependencies to
this unit for their mount unit, which is implicitly done when DefaultDependencies=yes
is set (the default).
SPECIAL SYSTEM UNITS FOR DEVICES
Some target units are automatically pulled in as devices of certain kinds show up in the
system. These may be used to automatically activate various services based on the specific
type of the available hardware.
bluetooth.target
This target is started automatically as soon as a Bluetooth controller is plugged in
or becomes available at boot.
This may be used to pull in Bluetooth management daemons dynamically when Bluetooth
hardware is found.
printer.target
This target is started automatically as soon as a printer is plugged in or becomes
available at boot.
This may be used to pull in printer management daemons dynamically when printer
hardware is found.
smartcard.target
This target is started automatically as soon as a smartcard controller is plugged in
or becomes available at boot.
This may be used to pull in smartcard management daemons dynamically when smartcard
hardware is found.
sound.target
This target is started automatically as soon as a sound card is plugged in or becomes
available at boot.
This may be used to pull in audio management daemons dynamically when audio hardware
is found.
SPECIAL PASSIVE SYSTEM UNITS
A number of special system targets are defined that can be used to properly order boot-up
of optional services. These targets are generally not part of the initial boot
transaction, unless they are explicitly pulled in by one of the implementing services.
Note specifically that these passive target units are generally not pulled in by the
consumer of a service, but by the provider of the service. This means: a consuming service
should order itself after these targets (as appropriate), but not pull it in. A providing
service should order itself before these targets (as appropriate) and pull it in (via a
Wants= type dependency).
Note that these passive units cannot be started manually, i.e. "systemctl start
time-sync.target" will fail with an error. They can only be pulled in by dependency. This
is enforced since they exist for ordering purposes only and thus are not useful as only
unit within a transaction.
cryptsetup-pre.target
This passive target unit may be pulled in by services that want to run before any
encrypted block device is set up. All encrypted block devices are set up after this
target has been reached. Since the shutdown order is implicitly the reverse start-up
order between units, this target is particularly useful to ensure that a service is
shut down only after all encrypted block devices are fully stopped.
local-fs-pre.target
This target unit is automatically ordered before all local mount points marked with
auto (see above). It can be used to execute certain units before all local mounts.
network.target
This unit is supposed to indicate when network functionality is available, but it is
only very weakly defined what that is supposed to mean, with one exception: at
shutdown, a unit that is ordered after network.target will be stopped before the
network -- to whatever level it might be set up then -- is shut down. It is hence
useful when writing service files that require network access on shutdown, which
should order themselves after this target, but not pull it in. Also see Running
Services After the Network is up[1] for more information. Also see
network-online.target described above.
systemd automatically adds dependencies of type After= for this target unit to all
SysV init script service units with an LSB header referring to the "$network"
facility.
network-pre.target
This passive target unit may be pulled in by services that want to run before any
network is set up, for example for the purpose of setting up a firewall. All network
management software orders itself after this target, but does not pull it in.
nss-lookup.target
A target that should be used as synchronization point for all host/network name
service lookups. Note that this is independent of user/group name lookups for which
nss-user-lookup.target should be used. All services for which the availability of full
host/network name resolution is essential should be ordered after this target, but not
pull it in. systemd automatically adds dependencies of type After= for this target
unit to all SysV init script service units with an LSB header referring to the
"$named" facility.
nss-user-lookup.target
A target that should be used as synchronization point for all user/group name service
lookups. Note that this is independent of host/network name lookups for which
nss-lookup.target should be used. All services for which the availability of the full
user/group database is essential should be ordered after this target, but not pull it
in. Note that system users are always resolvable, and hence do not require any special
ordering against this target.
remote-fs-pre.target
This target unit is automatically ordered before all mount point units (see above) and
cryptsetup devices marked with the _netdev. It can be used to run certain units before
remote encrypted devices and mounts are established. Note that this unit is generally
not part of the initial transaction, unless the unit that wants to be ordered before
all remote mounts pulls it in via a Wants= type dependency. If the unit wants to be
pulled in by the first remote mount showing up, it should use network-online.target
(see above).
rpcbind.target
The portmapper/rpcbind pulls in this target and orders itself before it, to indicate
its availability. systemd automatically adds dependencies of type After= for this
target unit to all SysV init script service units with an LSB header referring to the
"$portmap" facility.
time-sync.target
Services responsible for synchronizing the system clock from a remote source (such as
NTP client implementations) should pull in this target and order themselves before it.
All services where correct time is essential should be ordered after this unit, but
not pull it in. systemd automatically adds dependencies of type After= for this target
unit to all SysV init script service units with an LSB header referring to the "$time"
facility.
SPECIAL SLICE UNITS
There are four ".slice" units which form the basis of the hierarchy for assignment of
resources for services, users, and virtual machines or containers.
-.slice
The root slice is the root of the hierarchy. It usually does not contain units
directly, but may be used to set defaults for the whole tree.
system.slice
By default, all services services started by systemd are found in this slice.
user.slice
By default, all user processes started on behalf of the user are found in this slice.
machine.slice
By default, all virtual machines and containers registered with systemd-machined are
found in this slice.
SEE ALSO
systemd(1), systemd.unit(5), systemd.service(5), systemd.socket(5), systemd.target(5),
systemd.slice(5), bootup(7), systemd-fstab-generator(8)
NOTES
1. Running Services After the Network is up
http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/NetworkTarget
2. Syslog Interface
http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/syslog
3. System Updates Specification
http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/SystemUpdates
systemd 219 SYSTEMD.SPECIAL(7)
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