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TROFF(1)                             General Commands Manual                             TROFF(1)



NAME
       troff - the troff processor of the groff text formatting system

SYNOPSIS
       troff [-abcivzCERU] [-d cs] [-f fam] [-F dir] [-I dir] [-m name] [-M dir] [-n num]
             [-o list] [-r cn] [-T name] [-w name] [-W name] [file ...]

DESCRIPTION
       This manual page describes the GNU version of troff.  It is part  of  the  groff  document
       formatting  system.   It  is  functionally compatible with UNIX troff, but has many exten-
       sions, see groff_diff(7).  Usually it should be invoked using the groff(1)  command  which
       will  also  run  preprocessors  and  postprocessors  in the appropriate order and with the
       appropriate options.

OPTIONS
       It is possible to have whitespace between a command line option and its parameter.

       -a        Generate an ASCII approximation of the typeset output.

       -b        Print a backtrace with each warning or error  message.   This  backtrace  should
                 help track down the cause of the error.  The line numbers given in the backtrace
                 may not always be correct, for troff's idea of line numbers gets confused by  as
                 or am requests.

       -c        Disable color output (always disabled in compatibility mode).

       -C        Enable compatibility mode.

       -dcs
       -dname=s  Define c or name to be a string s; c must be a one letter name.

       -E        Inhibit  all  error  messages  of troff.  Note that this doesn't affect messages
                 output to standard error by macro packages using the tm or tm1 requests.

       -ffam     Use fam as the default font family.

       -Fdir     Search in directory (or directory path) dir for subdirectories devname (name  is
                 the  name  of  the  device)  and there for the DESC file and font files.  dir is
                 scanned before all other font directories.

       -i        Read the standard input after all the named input files have been processed.

       -Idir     This option may be used to add a directory to the search path  for  files  (both
                 those  on  the command line and those named in .psbb requests).  The search path
                 is initialized with the current directory.  This option may  be  specified  more
                 than  once; the directories are then searched in the order specified (but before
                 the current directory).  If you want to  make  the  current  directory  be  read
                 before other directories, add -I. at the appropriate place.

                 No directory search is performed for files with an absolute file name.

       -mname    Read  in the file name.tmac.  If it isn't found, try tmac.name instead.  It will
                 be first searched for in directories given with the -M command line option, then
                 in  directories  given  in the GROFF_TMAC_PATH environment variable, then in the
                 current directory (only if in unsafe mode), the home directory, /etc/groff/site-
                 tmac, /etc/groff/site-tmac, and /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/tmac.

       -Mdir     Search  directory  (or  directory  path)  dir  for macro files.  This is scanned
                 before all other macro directories.

       -nnum     Number the first page num.

       -olist    Output only pages in list, which is a comma-separated list  of  page  ranges;  n
                 means  print  page n, m-n means print every page between m and n, -n means print
                 every page up to n, n- means print every page from n.   troff  will  exit  after
                 printing the last page in the list.

       -rcn
       -rname=n  Set number register c or name to n; c must be a one character name; n can be any
                 troff numeric expression.

       -R        Don't load troffrc and troffrc-end.

       -Tname    Prepare output for device name, rather than the default ps; see groff(1)  for  a
                 more detailed description.

       -U        Unsafe mode.  This will enable the following requests: open, opena, pso, sy, and
                 pi.  For security reasons, these potentially  dangerous  requests  are  disabled
                 otherwise.  It will also add the current directory to the macro search path.

       -v        Print the version number.

       -wname    Enable  warning  name.  Available warnings are described in the section WARNINGS
                 below.  For example, to enable all warnings, use -w all.   Multiple  -w  options
                 are allowed.

       -Wname    Inhibit warning name.  Multiple -W options are allowed.

       -z        Suppress formatted output.

WARNINGS
       The  warnings  that  can be given by troff are divided into the following categories.  The
       name associated with each warning is used by the -w and -W options; the number is used  by
       the  warn  request,  and by the .warn register; it is always a power of 2 to allow bitwise
       composition.

                          +---------------------+-----------------------------+
                          |Bit   Code   Warning | Bit    Code       Warning   |
                          +---------------------+-----------------------------+
                          |  0      1   char    |  10      1024   reg         |
                          |  1      2   number  |  11      2048   tab         |
                          |  2      4   break   |  12      4096   right-brace |
                          |  3      8   delim   |  13      8192   missing     |
                          |  4     16   el      |  14     16384   input       |
                          |  5     32   scale   |  15     32768   escape      |
                          |  6     64   range   |  16     65536   space       |
                          |  7    128   syntax  |  17    131072   font        |
                          |  8    256   di      |  18    262144   ig          |
                          |  9    512   mac     |  19    524288   color       |
                          |                     |  20   1048576   file        |
                          +---------------------+-----------------------------+
       break           4   In fill mode, lines which could not be broken so that their length was
                           less than the line length.  This is enabled by default.

       char            1   Non-existent characters.  This is enabled by default.

       color      524288   Color related warnings.

       delim           8   Missing or mismatched closing delimiters.

       di            256   Use  of  di  or da without an argument when there is no current diver-
                           sion.

       el             16   Use of the el request with no matching ie request.

       escape      32768   Unrecognized escape sequences.  When an unrecognized  escape  sequence
                           is encountered, the escape character is ignored.

       file      1048576   Indicates a missing file for the mso request.  Enabled by default.

       font       131072   Non-existent fonts.  This is enabled by default.

       ig         262144   Invalid escapes in text ignored with the ig request.  These are condi-
                           tions that are errors when they do not occur in ignored text.

       input       16384   Invalid input characters.

       mac           512   Use of undefined strings, macros and diversions.   When  an  undefined
                           string,  macro  or  diversion  is  used,  that string is automatically
                           defined as empty.  So, in most cases, at  most  one  warning  will  be
                           given for each name.

       missing      8192   Requests that are missing non-optional arguments.

       number          2   Invalid numeric expressions.  This is enabled by default.

       range          64   Out of range arguments.

       reg          1024   Use  of undefined number registers.  When an undefined number register
                           is used, that register is automatically defined to have a value of  0.
                           So, in most cases, at most one warning will be given for use of a par-
                           ticular name.

       right-brace  4096   Use of \} where a number was expected.

       scale          32   Meaningless scaling indicators.

       space       65536   Missing space between a request or macro and its argument.  This warn-
                           ing will be given when an undefined name longer than two characters is
                           encountered, and the first two characters of the name make  a  defined
                           name.  The request or macro will not be invoked.  When this warning is
                           given, no macro is automatically defined.  This is enabled by default.
                           This warning will never occur in compatibility mode.

       syntax        128   Dubious syntax in numeric expressions.

       tab          2048   Inappropriate  use  of a tab character.  Either use of a tab character
                           where a number was expected, or use of tab character  in  an  unquoted
                           macro argument.

       There are also names that can be used to refer to groups of warnings:

       all    All warnings except di, mac, and reg.  It is intended that this covers all warnings
              that are useful with traditional macro packages.

       w      All warnings.

ENVIRONMENT
       GROFF_TMAC_PATH
              A colon separated list of directories in which to search for  macro  files.   troff
              will scan directories given in the -M option before these, and in standard directo-
              ries (current directory if in unsafe mode,  home  directory,  /etc/groff/site-tmac,
              /etc/groff/site-tmac, /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/tmac) after these.

       GROFF_TYPESETTER
              Default device.

       GROFF_FONT_PATH
              A colon separated list of directories in which to search for the devname directory.
              troff will scan directories given in the -F option before these,  and  in  standard
              directories   (/etc/groff/site-font,  /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/font,  /usr/lib/font)
              after these.

FILES
       /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/tmac/troffrc
              Initialization file (called before any other macro package).

       /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/tmac/troffrc-end
              Initialization file (called after any other macro package).

       /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/tmac/name.tmac
       /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/tmac/tmac.name
              Macro files

       /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/font/devname/DESC
              Device description file for device name.

       /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/font/devname/F
              Font file for font F of device name.

       Note that troffrc and troffrc-end are neither searched in the  current  nor  in  the  home
       directory  by  default  for security reasons (even if the -U option is given).  Use the -M
       command line option or the GROFF_TMAC_PATH environment variable to add  these  directories
       to the search path if necessary.

AUTHOR
       Copyright (C) 1989, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

       This  document  is distributed under the terms of the FDL (GNU Free Documentation License)
       version 1.3 or later.  You should have received a copy of the FDL on your  system,  it  is
       also  available  on-line  at the GNU copyleft site <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html>.
       This document  was  written  by  James  Clark,  with  modifications  from  Werner  Lemberg
       <wl AT gnu.org> and Bernd Warken <groff-bernd.warken-72 AT web.de>.

       This document is part of groff, the GNU roff distribution.

SEE ALSO
       groff(1)
              The main program of the groff system, a wrapper around troff.

       groff(7)
              A  description  of  the groff language, including a short but complete reference of
              all predefined requests, registers, and escapes of plain groff.  From  the  command
              line, this is called by

                     man 7 groff

       groff_diff(7)
              The differences of the groff language and the classical troff language.  Currently,
              this is the most actual document of the groff system.

       roff(7)
              An overview over groff and  other  roff  systems,  including  pointers  to  further
              related documentation.

       The  groff  info file, cf. info(1), presents all groff documentation within a single docu-
       ment.



Groff Version 1.22.2                     7 February 2013                                 TROFF(1)

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