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Unicode::UCD(3pm) Perl Programmers Reference Guide Unicode::UCD(3pm)
NAME
Unicode::UCD - Unicode character database
SYNOPSIS
use Unicode::UCD 'charinfo';
my $charinfo = charinfo($codepoint);
use Unicode::UCD 'casefold';
my $casefold = casefold(0xFB00);
use Unicode::UCD 'casespec';
my $casespec = casespec(0xFB00);
use Unicode::UCD 'charblock';
my $charblock = charblock($codepoint);
use Unicode::UCD 'charscript';
my $charscript = charscript($codepoint);
use Unicode::UCD 'charblocks';
my $charblocks = charblocks();
use Unicode::UCD 'charscripts';
my $charscripts = charscripts();
use Unicode::UCD qw(charscript charinrange);
my $range = charscript($script);
print "looks like $script\n" if charinrange($range, $codepoint);
use Unicode::UCD qw(general_categories bidi_types);
my $categories = general_categories();
my $types = bidi_types();
use Unicode::UCD 'prop_aliases';
my @space_names = prop_aliases("space");
use Unicode::UCD 'prop_value_aliases';
my @gc_punct_names = prop_value_aliases("Gc", "Punct");
use Unicode::UCD 'prop_invlist';
my @puncts = prop_invlist("gc=punctuation");
use Unicode::UCD 'prop_invmap';
my ($list_ref, $map_ref, $format, $missing)
= prop_invmap("General Category");
use Unicode::UCD 'compexcl';
my $compexcl = compexcl($codepoint);
use Unicode::UCD 'namedseq';
my $namedseq = namedseq($named_sequence_name);
my $unicode_version = Unicode::UCD::UnicodeVersion();
my $convert_to_numeric =
Unicode::UCD::num("\N{RUMI DIGIT ONE}\N{RUMI DIGIT TWO}");
DESCRIPTION
The Unicode::UCD module offers a series of functions that provide a simple interface to
the Unicode Character Database.
code point argument
Some of the functions are called with a code point argument, which is either a decimal or
a hexadecimal scalar designating a Unicode code point, or "U+" followed by hexadecimals
designating a Unicode code point. In other words, if you want a code point to be
interpreted as a hexadecimal number, you must prefix it with either "0x" or "U+", because
a string like e.g. 123 will be interpreted as a decimal code point. Note that the largest
code point in Unicode is U+10FFFF.
charinfo()
use Unicode::UCD 'charinfo';
my $charinfo = charinfo(0x41);
This returns information about the input "code point argument" as a reference to a hash of
fields as defined by the Unicode standard. If the "code point argument" is not assigned
in the standard (i.e., has the general category "Cn" meaning "Unassigned") or is a non-
character (meaning it is guaranteed to never be assigned in the standard), "undef" is
returned.
Fields that aren't applicable to the particular code point argument exist in the returned
hash, and are empty.
The keys in the hash with the meanings of their values are:
code
the input "code point argument" expressed in hexadecimal, with leading zeros added if
necessary to make it contain at least four hexdigits
name
name of code, all IN UPPER CASE. Some control-type code points do not have names.
This field will be empty for "Surrogate" and "Private Use" code points, and for the
others without a name, it will contain a description enclosed in angle brackets, like
"<control>".
category
The short name of the general category of code. This will match one of the keys in
the hash returned by "general_categories()".
The "prop_value_aliases()" function can be used to get all the synonyms of the
category name.
combining
the combining class number for code used in the Canonical Ordering Algorithm. For
Unicode 5.1, this is described in Section 3.11 "Canonical Ordering Behavior" available
at <http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.1.0/>
The "prop_value_aliases()" function can be used to get all the synonyms of the
combining class number.
bidi
bidirectional type of code. This will match one of the keys in the hash returned by
"bidi_types()".
The "prop_value_aliases()" function can be used to get all the synonyms of the bidi
type name.
decomposition
is empty if code has no decomposition; or is one or more codes (separated by spaces)
that, taken in order, represent a decomposition for code. Each has at least four
hexdigits. The codes may be preceded by a word enclosed in angle brackets then a
space, like "<compat> ", giving the type of decomposition
This decomposition may be an intermediate one whose components are also decomposable.
Use Unicode::Normalize to get the final decomposition.
decimal
if code is a decimal digit this is its integer numeric value
digit
if code represents some other digit-like number, this is its integer numeric value
numeric
if code represents a whole or rational number, this is its numeric value. Rational
values are expressed as a string like "1/4".
mirrored
"Y" or "N" designating if code is mirrored in bidirectional text
unicode10
name of code in the Unicode 1.0 standard if one existed for this code point and is
different from the current name
comment
As of Unicode 6.0, this is always empty.
upper
is empty if there is no single code point uppercase mapping for code (its uppercase
mapping is itself); otherwise it is that mapping expressed as at least four hexdigits.
("casespec()" should be used in addition to charinfo() for case mappings when the
calling program can cope with multiple code point mappings.)
lower
is empty if there is no single code point lowercase mapping for code (its lowercase
mapping is itself); otherwise it is that mapping expressed as at least four hexdigits.
("casespec()" should be used in addition to charinfo() for case mappings when the
calling program can cope with multiple code point mappings.)
title
is empty if there is no single code point titlecase mapping for code (its titlecase
mapping is itself); otherwise it is that mapping expressed as at least four hexdigits.
("casespec()" should be used in addition to charinfo() for case mappings when the
calling program can cope with multiple code point mappings.)
block
the block code belongs to (used in "\p{Blk=...}"). See "Blocks versus Scripts".
script
the script code belongs to. See "Blocks versus Scripts".
Note that you cannot do (de)composition and casing based solely on the decomposition,
combining, lower, upper, and title fields; you will need also the "compexcl()", and
"casespec()" functions.
charblock()
use Unicode::UCD 'charblock';
my $charblock = charblock(0x41);
my $charblock = charblock(1234);
my $charblock = charblock(0x263a);
my $charblock = charblock("U+263a");
my $range = charblock('Armenian');
With a "code point argument" charblock() returns the block the code point belongs to, e.g.
"Basic Latin". The old-style block name is returned (see "Old-style versus new-style
block names"). If the code point is unassigned, this returns the block it would belong to
if it were assigned.
See also "Blocks versus Scripts".
If supplied with an argument that can't be a code point, charblock() tries to do the
opposite and interpret the argument as an old-style block name. The return value is a
range set with one range: an anonymous list with a single element that consists of another
anonymous list whose first element is the first code point in the block, and whose second
(and final) element is the final code point in the block. (The extra list consisting of
just one element is so that the same program logic can be used to handle both this return,
and the return from "charscript()" which can have multiple ranges.) You can test whether a
code point is in a range using the "charinrange()" function. If the argument is not a
known block, "undef" is returned.
charscript()
use Unicode::UCD 'charscript';
my $charscript = charscript(0x41);
my $charscript = charscript(1234);
my $charscript = charscript("U+263a");
my $range = charscript('Thai');
With a "code point argument" charscript() returns the script the code point belongs to,
e.g. "Latin", "Greek", "Han". If the code point is unassigned, it returns "Unknown".
If supplied with an argument that can't be a code point, charscript() tries to do the
opposite and interpret the argument as a script name. The return value is a range set: an
anonymous list of lists that contain start-of-range, end-of-range code point pairs. You
can test whether a code point is in a range set using the "charinrange()" function. If the
argument is not a known script, "undef" is returned.
See also "Blocks versus Scripts".
charblocks()
use Unicode::UCD 'charblocks';
my $charblocks = charblocks();
charblocks() returns a reference to a hash with the known block names as the keys, and the
code point ranges (see "charblock()") as the values.
The names are in the old-style (see "Old-style versus new-style block names").
prop_invmap("block") can be used to get this same data in a different type of data
structure.
See also "Blocks versus Scripts".
charscripts()
use Unicode::UCD 'charscripts';
my $charscripts = charscripts();
charscripts() returns a reference to a hash with the known script names as the keys, and
the code point ranges (see "charscript()") as the values.
prop_invmap("script") can be used to get this same data in a different type of data
structure.
See also "Blocks versus Scripts".
charinrange()
In addition to using the "\p{Blk=...}" and "\P{Blk=...}" constructs, you can also test
whether a code point is in the range as returned by "charblock()" and "charscript()" or as
the values of the hash returned by "charblocks()" and "charscripts()" by using
charinrange():
use Unicode::UCD qw(charscript charinrange);
$range = charscript('Hiragana');
print "looks like hiragana\n" if charinrange($range, $codepoint);
general_categories()
use Unicode::UCD 'general_categories';
my $categories = general_categories();
This returns a reference to a hash which has short general category names (such as "Lu",
"Nd", "Zs", "S") as keys and long names (such as "UppercaseLetter", "DecimalNumber",
"SpaceSeparator", "Symbol") as values. The hash is reversible in case you need to go from
the long names to the short names. The general category is the one returned from
"charinfo()" under the "category" key.
The "prop_value_aliases()" function can be used to get all the synonyms of the category
name.
bidi_types()
use Unicode::UCD 'bidi_types';
my $categories = bidi_types();
This returns a reference to a hash which has the short bidi (bidirectional) type names
(such as "L", "R") as keys and long names (such as "Left-to-Right", "Right-to-Left") as
values. The hash is reversible in case you need to go from the long names to the short
names. The bidi type is the one returned from "charinfo()" under the "bidi" key. For the
exact meaning of the various bidi classes the Unicode TR9 is recommended reading:
<http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/> (as of Unicode 5.0.0)
The "prop_value_aliases()" function can be used to get all the synonyms of the bidi type
name.
compexcl()
use Unicode::UCD 'compexcl';
my $compexcl = compexcl(0x09dc);
This routine is included for backwards compatibility, but as of Perl 5.12, for most
purposes it is probably more convenient to use one of the following instead:
my $compexcl = chr(0x09dc) =~ /\p{Comp_Ex};
my $compexcl = chr(0x09dc) =~ /\p{Full_Composition_Exclusion};
or even
my $compexcl = chr(0x09dc) =~ /\p{CE};
my $compexcl = chr(0x09dc) =~ /\p{Composition_Exclusion};
The first two forms return true if the "code point argument" should not be produced by
composition normalization. For the final two forms to return true, it is additionally
required that this fact not otherwise be determinable from the Unicode data base.
This routine behaves identically to the final two forms. That is, it does not return true
if the code point has a decomposition consisting of another single code point, nor if its
decomposition starts with a code point whose combining class is non-zero. Code points
that meet either of these conditions should also not be produced by composition
normalization, which is probably why you should use the "Full_Composition_Exclusion"
property instead, as shown above.
The routine returns false otherwise.
casefold()
use Unicode::UCD 'casefold';
my $casefold = casefold(0xDF);
if (defined $casefold) {
my @full_fold_hex = split / /, $casefold->{'full'};
my $full_fold_string =
join "", map {chr(hex($_))} @full_fold_hex;
my @turkic_fold_hex =
split / /, ($casefold->{'turkic'} ne "")
? $casefold->{'turkic'}
: $casefold->{'full'};
my $turkic_fold_string =
join "", map {chr(hex($_))} @turkic_fold_hex;
}
if (defined $casefold && $casefold->{'simple'} ne "") {
my $simple_fold_hex = $casefold->{'simple'};
my $simple_fold_string = chr(hex($simple_fold_hex));
}
This returns the (almost) locale-independent case folding of the character specified by
the "code point argument". (Starting in Perl v5.16, the core function "fc()" returns the
"full" mapping (described below) faster than this does, and for entire strings.)
If there is no case folding for the input code point, "undef" is returned.
If there is a case folding for that code point, a reference to a hash with the following
fields is returned:
code
the input "code point argument" expressed in hexadecimal, with leading zeros added if
necessary to make it contain at least four hexdigits
full
one or more codes (separated by spaces) that, taken in order, give the code points for
the case folding for code. Each has at least four hexdigits.
simple
is empty, or is exactly one code with at least four hexdigits which can be used as an
alternative case folding when the calling program cannot cope with the fold being a
sequence of multiple code points. If full is just one code point, then simple equals
full. If there is no single code point folding defined for code, then simple is the
empty string. Otherwise, it is an inferior, but still better-than-nothing alternative
folding to full.
mapping
is the same as simple if simple is not empty, and it is the same as full otherwise.
It can be considered to be the simplest possible folding for code. It is defined
primarily for backwards compatibility.
status
is "C" (for "common") if the best possible fold is a single code point (simple equals
full equals mapping). It is "S" if there are distinct folds, simple and full (mapping
equals simple). And it is "F" if there is only a full fold (mapping equals full;
simple is empty). Note that this describes the contents of mapping. It is defined
primarily for backwards compatibility.
For Unicode versions between 3.1 and 3.1.1 inclusive, status can also be "I" which is
the same as "C" but is a special case for dotted uppercase I and dotless lowercase i:
* If you use this "I" mapping
the result is case-insensitive, but dotless and dotted I's are not distinguished
* If you exclude this "I" mapping
the result is not fully case-insensitive, but dotless and dotted I's are
distinguished
turkic
contains any special folding for Turkic languages. For versions of Unicode starting
with 3.2, this field is empty unless code has a different folding in Turkic languages,
in which case it is one or more codes (separated by spaces) that, taken in order, give
the code points for the case folding for code in those languages. Each code has at
least four hexdigits. Note that this folding does not maintain canonical equivalence
without additional processing.
For Unicode versions between 3.1 and 3.1.1 inclusive, this field is empty unless there
is a special folding for Turkic languages, in which case status is "I", and mapping,
full, simple, and turkic are all equal.
Programs that want complete generality and the best folding results should use the folding
contained in the full field. But note that the fold for some code points will be a
sequence of multiple code points.
Programs that can't cope with the fold mapping being multiple code points can use the
folding contained in the simple field, with the loss of some generality. In Unicode 5.1,
about 7% of the defined foldings have no single code point folding.
The mapping and status fields are provided for backwards compatibility for existing
programs. They contain the same values as in previous versions of this function.
Locale is not completely independent. The turkic field contains results to use when the
locale is a Turkic language.
For more information about case mappings see <http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21>
casespec()
use Unicode::UCD 'casespec';
my $casespec = casespec(0xFB00);
This returns the potentially locale-dependent case mappings of the "code point argument".
The mappings may be longer than a single code point (which the basic Unicode case mappings
as returned by "charinfo()" never are).
If there are no case mappings for the "code point argument", or if all three possible
mappings (lower, title and upper) result in single code points and are locale independent
and unconditional, "undef" is returned (which means that the case mappings, if any, for
the code point are those returned by "charinfo()").
Otherwise, a reference to a hash giving the mappings (or a reference to a hash of such
hashes, explained below) is returned with the following keys and their meanings:
The keys in the bottom layer hash with the meanings of their values are:
code
the input "code point argument" expressed in hexadecimal, with leading zeros added if
necessary to make it contain at least four hexdigits
lower
one or more codes (separated by spaces) that, taken in order, give the code points for
the lower case of code. Each has at least four hexdigits.
title
one or more codes (separated by spaces) that, taken in order, give the code points for
the title case of code. Each has at least four hexdigits.
upper
one or more codes (separated by spaces) that, taken in order, give the code points for
the upper case of code. Each has at least four hexdigits.
condition
the conditions for the mappings to be valid. If "undef", the mappings are always
valid. When defined, this field is a list of conditions, all of which must be true
for the mappings to be valid. The list consists of one or more locales (see below)
and/or contexts (explained in the next paragraph), separated by spaces. (Other than
as used to separate elements, spaces are to be ignored.) Case distinctions in the
condition list are not significant. Conditions preceded by "NON_" represent the
negation of the condition.
A context is one of those defined in the Unicode standard. For Unicode 5.1, they are
defined in Section 3.13 "Default Case Operations" available at
<http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.1.0/>. These are for context-sensitive
casing.
The hash described above is returned for locale-independent casing, where at least one of
the mappings has length longer than one. If "undef" is returned, the code point may have
mappings, but if so, all are length one, and are returned by "charinfo()". Note that when
this function does return a value, it will be for the complete set of mappings for a code
point, even those whose length is one.
If there are additional casing rules that apply only in certain locales, an additional key
for each will be defined in the returned hash. Each such key will be its locale name,
defined as a 2-letter ISO 3166 country code, possibly followed by a "_" and a 2-letter ISO
language code (possibly followed by a "_" and a variant code). You can find the lists of
all possible locales, see Locale::Country and Locale::Language. (In Unicode 6.0, the only
locales returned by this function are "lt", "tr", and "az".)
Each locale key is a reference to a hash that has the form above, and gives the casing
rules for that particular locale, which take precedence over the locale-independent ones
when in that locale.
If the only casing for a code point is locale-dependent, then the returned hash will not
have any of the base keys, like "code", "upper", etc., but will contain only locale keys.
For more information about case mappings see
<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/>
namedseq()
use Unicode::UCD 'namedseq';
my $namedseq = namedseq("KATAKANA LETTER AINU P");
my @namedseq = namedseq("KATAKANA LETTER AINU P");
my %namedseq = namedseq();
If used with a single argument in a scalar context, returns the string consisting of the
code points of the named sequence, or "undef" if no named sequence by that name exists.
If used with a single argument in a list context, it returns the list of the ordinals of
the code points. If used with no arguments in a list context, returns a hash with the
names of the named sequences as the keys and the named sequences as strings as the values.
Otherwise, it returns "undef" or an empty list depending on the context.
This function only operates on officially approved (not provisional) named sequences.
Note that as of Perl 5.14, "\N{KATAKANA LETTER AINU P}" will insert the named sequence
into double-quoted strings, and "charnames::string_vianame("KATAKANA LETTER AINU P")" will
return the same string this function does, but will also operate on character names that
aren't named sequences, without you having to know which are which. See charnames.
num()
use Unicode::UCD 'num';
my $val = num("123");
my $one_quarter = num("\N{VULGAR FRACTION 1/4}");
"num" returns the numeric value of the input Unicode string; or "undef" if it doesn't
think the entire string has a completely valid, safe numeric value.
If the string is just one character in length, the Unicode numeric value is returned if it
has one, or "undef" otherwise. Note that this need not be a whole number.
"num("\N{TIBETAN DIGIT HALF ZERO}")", for example returns -0.5.
If the string is more than one character, "undef" is returned unless all its characters
are decimal digits (that is, they would match "\d+"), from the same script. For example
if you have an ASCII '0' and a Bengali '3', mixed together, they aren't considered a valid
number, and "undef" is returned. A further restriction is that the digits all have to be
of the same form. A half-width digit mixed with a full-width one will return "undef".
The Arabic script has two sets of digits; "num" will return "undef" unless all the digits
in the string come from the same set.
"num" errs on the side of safety, and there may be valid strings of decimal digits that it
doesn't recognize. Note that Unicode defines a number of "digit" characters that aren't
"decimal digit" characters. "Decimal digits" have the property that they have a
positional value, i.e., there is a units position, a 10's position, a 100's, etc, AND they
are arranged in Unicode in blocks of 10 contiguous code points. The Chinese digits, for
example, are not in such a contiguous block, and so Unicode doesn't view them as decimal
digits, but merely digits, and so "\d" will not match them. A single-character string
containing one of these digits will have its decimal value returned by "num", but any
longer string containing only these digits will return "undef".
Strings of multiple sub- and superscripts are not recognized as numbers. You can use
either of the compatibility decompositions in Unicode::Normalize to change these into
digits, and then call "num" on the result.
prop_aliases()
use Unicode::UCD 'prop_aliases';
my ($short_name, $full_name, @other_names) = prop_aliases("space");
my $same_full_name = prop_aliases("Space"); # Scalar context
my ($same_short_name) = prop_aliases("Space"); # gets 0th element
print "The full name is $full_name\n";
print "The short name is $short_name\n";
print "The other aliases are: ", join(", ", @other_names), "\n";
prints:
The full name is White_Space
The short name is WSpace
The other aliases are: Space
Most Unicode properties have several synonymous names. Typically, there is at least a
short name, convenient to type, and a long name that more fully describes the property,
and hence is more easily understood.
If you know one name for a Unicode property, you can use "prop_aliases" to find either the
long name (when called in scalar context), or a list of all of the names, somewhat ordered
so that the short name is in the 0th element, the long name in the next element, and any
other synonyms are in the remaining elements, in no particular order.
The long name is returned in a form nicely capitalized, suitable for printing.
The input parameter name is loosely matched, which means that white space, hyphens, and
underscores are ignored (except for the trailing underscore in the old_form grandfathered-
in "L_", which is better written as "LC", and both of which mean "General_Category=Cased
Letter").
If the name is unknown, "undef" is returned (or an empty list in list context). Note that
Perl typically recognizes property names in regular expressions with an optional ""Is_""
(with or without the underscore) prefixed to them, such as "\p{isgc=punct}". This
function does not recognize those in the input, returning "undef". Nor are they included
in the output as possible synonyms.
"prop_aliases" does know about the Perl extensions to Unicode properties, such as "Any"
and "XPosixAlpha", and the single form equivalents to Unicode properties such as "XDigit",
"Greek", "In_Greek", and "Is_Greek". The final example demonstrates that the "Is_" prefix
is recognized for these extensions; it is needed to resolve ambiguities. For example,
"prop_aliases('lc')" returns the list "(lc, Lowercase_Mapping)", but
"prop_aliases('islc')" returns "(Is_LC, Cased_Letter)". This is because "islc" is a Perl
extension which is short for "General_Category=Cased Letter". The lists returned for the
Perl extensions will not include the "Is_" prefix (whether or not the input had it) unless
needed to resolve ambiguities, as shown in the "islc" example, where the returned list had
one element containing "Is_", and the other without.
It is also possible for the reverse to happen: "prop_aliases('isc')" returns the list
"(isc, ISO_Comment)"; whereas "prop_aliases('c')" returns "(C, Other)" (the latter being a
Perl extension meaning "General_Category=Other". "Properties accessible through
Unicode::UCD" in perluniprops lists the available forms, including which ones are
discouraged from use.
Those discouraged forms are accepted as input to "prop_aliases", but are not returned in
the lists. "prop_aliases('isL&')" and "prop_aliases('isL_')", which are old synonyms for
"Is_LC" and should not be used in new code, are examples of this. These both return
"(Is_LC, Cased_Letter)". Thus this function allows you to take a discourarged form, and
find its acceptable alternatives. The same goes with single-form Block property
equivalences. Only the forms that begin with "In_" are not discouraged; if you pass
"prop_aliases" a discouraged form, you will get back the equivalent ones that begin with
"In_". It will otherwise look like a new-style block name (see. "Old-style versus new-
style block names").
"prop_aliases" does not know about any user-defined properties, and will return "undef" if
called with one of those. Likewise for Perl internal properties, with the exception of
"Perl_Decimal_Digit" which it does know about (and which is documented below in
"prop_invmap()").
prop_value_aliases()
use Unicode::UCD 'prop_value_aliases';
my ($short_name, $full_name, @other_names)
= prop_value_aliases("Gc", "Punct");
my $same_full_name = prop_value_aliases("Gc", "P"); # Scalar cntxt
my ($same_short_name) = prop_value_aliases("Gc", "P"); # gets 0th
# element
print "The full name is $full_name\n";
print "The short name is $short_name\n";
print "The other aliases are: ", join(", ", @other_names), "\n";
prints:
The full name is Punctuation
The short name is P
The other aliases are: Punct
Some Unicode properties have a restricted set of legal values. For example, all binary
properties are restricted to just "true" or "false"; and there are only a few dozen
possible General Categories.
For such properties, there are usually several synonyms for each possible value. For
example, in binary properties, truth can be represented by any of the strings "Y", "Yes",
"T", or "True"; and the General Category "Punctuation" by that string, or "Punct", or
simply "P".
Like property names, there is typically at least a short name for each such property-
value, and a long name. If you know any name of the property-value, you can use
"prop_value_aliases"() to get the long name (when called in scalar context), or a list of
all the names, with the short name in the 0th element, the long name in the next element,
and any other synonyms in the remaining elements, in no particular order, except that any
all-numeric synonyms will be last.
The long name is returned in a form nicely capitalized, suitable for printing.
Case, white space, hyphens, and underscores are ignored in the input parameters (except
for the trailing underscore in the old-form grandfathered-in general category property
value "L_", which is better written as "LC").
If either name is unknown, "undef" is returned. Note that Perl typically recognizes
property names in regular expressions with an optional ""Is_"" (with or without the
underscore) prefixed to them, such as "\p{isgc=punct}". This function does not recognize
those in the property parameter, returning "undef".
If called with a property that doesn't have synonyms for its values, it returns the input
value, possibly normalized with capitalization and underscores.
For the block property, new-style block names are returned (see "Old-style versus new-
style block names").
To find the synonyms for single-forms, such as "\p{Any}", use "prop_aliases()" instead.
"prop_value_aliases" does not know about any user-defined properties, and will return
"undef" if called with one of those.
prop_invlist()
"prop_invlist" returns an inversion list (described below) that defines all the code
points for the binary Unicode property (or "property=value" pair) given by the input
parameter string:
use feature 'say';
use Unicode::UCD 'prop_invlist';
say join ", ", prop_invlist("Any");
prints:
0, 1114112
An empty list is returned if the input is unknown; the number of elements in the list is
returned if called in scalar context.
perluniprops gives the list of properties that this function accepts, as well as all the
possible forms for them (including with the optional "Is_" prefixes). (Except this
function doesn't accept any Perl-internal properties, some of which are listed there.)
This function uses the same loose or tighter matching rules for resolving the input
property's name as is done for regular expressions. These are also specified in
perluniprops. Examples of using the "property=value" form are:
say join ", ", prop_invlist("Script=Shavian");
prints:
66640, 66688
say join ", ", prop_invlist("ASCII_Hex_Digit=No");
prints:
0, 48, 58, 65, 71, 97, 103
say join ", ", prop_invlist("ASCII_Hex_Digit=Yes");
prints:
48, 58, 65, 71, 97, 103
Inversion lists are a compact way of specifying Unicode property-value definitions. The
0th item in the list is the lowest code point that has the property-value. The next item
(item [1]) is the lowest code point beyond that one that does NOT have the property-value.
And the next item beyond that ([2]) is the lowest code point beyond that one that does
have the property-value, and so on. Put another way, each element in the list gives the
beginning of a range that has the property-value (for even numbered elements), or doesn't
have the property-value (for odd numbered elements). The name for this data structure
stems from the fact that each element in the list toggles (or inverts) whether the
corresponding range is or isn't on the list.
In the final example above, the first ASCII Hex digit is code point 48, the character "0",
and all code points from it through 57 (a "9") are ASCII hex digits. Code points 58
through 64 aren't, but 65 (an "A") through 70 (an "F") are, as are 97 ("a") through 102
("f"). 103 starts a range of code points that aren't ASCII hex digits. That range
extends to infinity, which on your computer can be found in the variable
$Unicode::UCD::MAX_CP. (This variable is as close to infinity as Perl can get on your
platform, and may be too high for some operations to work; you may wish to use a smaller
number for your purposes.)
Note that the inversion lists returned by this function can possibly include non-Unicode
code points, that is anything above 0x10FFFF. This is in contrast to Perl regular
expression matches on those code points, in which a non-Unicode code point always fails to
match. For example, both of these have the same result:
chr(0x110000) =~ \p{ASCII_Hex_Digit=True} # Fails.
chr(0x110000) =~ \p{ASCII_Hex_Digit=False} # Fails!
And both raise a warning that a Unicode property is being used on a non-Unicode code
point. It is arguable as to which is the correct thing to do here. This function has
chosen the way opposite to the Perl regular expression behavior. This allows you to
easily flip to to the Perl regular expression way (for you to go in the other direction
would be far harder). Simply add 0x110000 at the end of the non-empty returned list if it
isn't already that value; and pop that value if it is; like:
my @list = prop_invlist("foo");
if (@list) {
if ($list[-1] == 0x110000) {
pop @list; # Defeat the turning on for above Unicode
}
else {
push @list, 0x110000; # Turn off for above Unicode
}
}
It is a simple matter to expand out an inversion list to a full list of all code points
that have the property-value:
my @invlist = prop_invlist($property_name);
die "empty" unless @invlist;
my @full_list;
for (my $i = 0; $i < @invlist; $i += 2) {
my $upper = ($i + 1) < @invlist
? $invlist[$i+1] - 1 # In range
: $Unicode::UCD::MAX_CP; # To infinity. You may want
# to stop much much earlier;
# going this high may expose
# perl deficiencies with very
# large numbers.
for my $j ($invlist[$i] .. $upper) {
push @full_list, $j;
}
}
"prop_invlist" does not know about any user-defined nor Perl internal-only properties, and
will return "undef" if called with one of those.
prop_invmap()
use Unicode::UCD 'prop_invmap';
my ($list_ref, $map_ref, $format, $missing)
= prop_invmap("General Category");
"prop_invmap" is used to get the complete mapping definition for a property, in the form
of an inversion map. An inversion map consists of two parallel arrays. One is an ordered
list of code points that mark range beginnings, and the other gives the value (or mapping)
that all code points in the corresponding range have.
"prop_invmap" is called with the name of the desired property. The name is loosely
matched, meaning that differences in case, white-space, hyphens, and underscores are not
meaningful (except for the trailing underscore in the old-form grandfathered-in property
"L_", which is better written as "LC", or even better, "Gc=LC").
Many Unicode properties have more than one name (or alias). "prop_invmap" understands all
of these, including Perl extensions to them. Ambiguities are resolved as described above
for "prop_aliases()". The Perl internal property "Perl_Decimal_Digit, described below, is
also accepted. "undef" is returned if the property name is unknown. See "Properties
accessible through Unicode::UCD" in perluniprops for the properties acceptable as inputs
to this function.
It is a fatal error to call this function except in list context.
In addition to the the two arrays that form the inversion map, "prop_invmap" returns two
other values; one is a scalar that gives some details as to the format of the entries of
the map array; the other is used for specialized purposes, described at the end of this
section.
This means that "prop_invmap" returns a 4 element list. For example,
my ($blocks_ranges_ref, $blocks_maps_ref, $format, $default)
= prop_invmap("Block");
In this call, the two arrays will be populated as shown below (for Unicode 6.0):
Index @blocks_ranges @blocks_maps
0 0x0000 Basic Latin
1 0x0080 Latin-1 Supplement
2 0x0100 Latin Extended-A
3 0x0180 Latin Extended-B
4 0x0250 IPA Extensions
5 0x02B0 Spacing Modifier Letters
6 0x0300 Combining Diacritical Marks
7 0x0370 Greek and Coptic
8 0x0400 Cyrillic
...
233 0x2B820 No_Block
234 0x2F800 CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
235 0x2FA20 No_Block
236 0xE0000 Tags
237 0xE0080 No_Block
238 0xE0100 Variation Selectors Supplement
239 0xE01F0 No_Block
240 0xF0000 Supplementary Private Use Area-A
241 0x100000 Supplementary Private Use Area-B
242 0x110000 No_Block
The first line (with Index [0]) means that the value for code point 0 is "Basic Latin".
The entry "0x0080" in the @blocks_ranges column in the second line means that the value
from the first line, "Basic Latin", extends to all code points in the range from 0 up to
but not including 0x0080, that is, through 127. In other words, the code points from 0 to
127 are all in the "Basic Latin" block. Similarly, all code points in the range from
0x0080 up to (but not including) 0x0100 are in the block named "Latin-1 Supplement", etc.
(Notice that the return is the old-style block names; see "Old-style versus new-style
block names").
The final line (with Index [242]) means that the value for all code points above the legal
Unicode maximum code point have the value "No_Block", which is the term Unicode uses for a
non-existing block.
The arrays completely specify the mappings for all possible code points. The final
element in an inversion map returned by this function will always be for the range that
consists of all the code points that aren't legal Unicode, but that are expressible on the
platform. (That is, it starts with code point 0x110000, the first code point above the
legal Unicode maximum, and extends to infinity.) The value for that range will be the same
that any typical unassigned code point has for the specified property. (Certain
unassigned code points are not "typical"; for example the non-character code points, or
those in blocks that are to be written right-to-left. The above-Unicode range's value is
not based on these atypical code points.) It could be argued that, instead of treating
these as unassigned Unicode code points, the value for this range should be "undef". If
you wish, you can change the returned arrays accordingly.
The maps are almost always simple scalars that should be interpreted as-is. These values
are those given in the Unicode-supplied data files, which may be inconsistent as to
capitalization and as to which synonym for a property-value is given. The results may be
normalized by using the "prop_value_aliases()" function.
There are exceptions to the simple scalar maps. Some properties have some elements in
their map list that are themselves lists of scalars; and some special strings are returned
that are not to be interpreted as-is. Element [2] (placed into $format in the example
above) of the returned four element list tells you if the map has any of these special
elements or not, as follows:
"s" means all the elements of the map array are simple scalars, with no special elements.
Almost all properties are like this, like the "block" example above.
"sl"
means that some of the map array elements have the form given by "s", and the rest are
lists of scalars. For example, here is a portion of the output of calling
"prop_invmap"() with the "Script Extensions" property:
@scripts_ranges @scripts_maps
...
0x0953 Devanagari
0x0964 [ Bengali, Devanagari, Gurumukhi, Oriya ]
0x0966 Devanagari
0x0970 Common
Here, the code points 0x964 and 0x965 are both used in Bengali, Devanagari, Gurmukhi,
and Oriya, but no other scripts.
The Name_Alias property is also of this form. But each scalar consists of two
components: 1) the name, and 2) the type of alias this is. They are separated by a
colon and a space. In Unicode 6.1, there are several alias types:
"correction"
indicates that the name is a corrected form for the original name (which remains
valid) for the same code point.
"control"
adds a new name for a control character.
"alternate"
is an alternate name for a character
"figment"
is a name for a character that has been documented but was never in any actual
standard.
"abbreviation"
is a common abbreviation for a character
The lists are ordered (roughly) so the most preferred names come before less preferred
ones.
For example,
@aliases_ranges @alias_maps
...
0x009E [ 'PRIVACY MESSAGE: control', 'PM: abbreviation' ]
0x009F [ 'APPLICATION PROGRAM COMMAND: control',
'APC: abbreviation'
]
0x00A0 'NBSP: abbreviation'
0x00A1 ""
0x00AD 'SHY: abbreviation'
0x00AE ""
0x01A2 'LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GHA: correction'
0x01A3 'LATIN SMALL LETTER GHA: correction'
0x01A4 ""
...
A map to the empty string means that there is no alias defined for the code point.
"a" is like "s" in that all the map array elements are scalars, but here they are
restricted to all being integers, and some have to be adjusted (hence the name "a") to
get the correct result. For example, in:
my ($uppers_ranges_ref, $uppers_maps_ref, $format)
= prop_invmap("Simple_Uppercase_Mapping");
the returned arrays look like this:
@$uppers_ranges_ref @$uppers_maps_ref Note
0 0
97 65 'a' maps to 'A', b => B ...
123 0
181 924 MICRO SIGN => Greek Cap MU
182 0
...
Let's start with the second line. It says that the uppercase of code point 97 is 65;
or "uc("a")" == "A". But the line is for the entire range of code points 97 through
122. To get the mapping for any code point in a range, you take the offset it has
from the beginning code point of the range, and add that to the mapping for that first
code point. So, the mapping for 122 ("z") is derived by taking the offset of 122 from
97 (=25) and adding that to 65, yielding 90 ("z"). Likewise for everything in
between.
The first line works the same way. The first map in a range is always the correct
value for its code point (because the adjustment is 0). Thus the "uc(chr(0))" is just
itself. Also, "uc(chr(1))" is also itself, as the adjustment is 0+1-0 ..
"uc(chr(96))" is 96.
Requiring this simple adjustment allows the returned arrays to be significantly
smaller than otherwise, up to a factor of 10, speeding up searching through them.
"al"
means that some of the map array elements have the form given by "a", and the rest are
ordered lists of code points. For example, in:
my ($uppers_ranges_ref, $uppers_maps_ref, $format)
= prop_invmap("Uppercase_Mapping");
the returned arrays look like this:
@$uppers_ranges_ref @$uppers_maps_ref
0 0
97 65
123 0
181 924
182 0
...
0x0149 [ 0x02BC 0x004E ]
0x014A 0
0x014B 330
...
This is the full Uppercase_Mapping property (as opposed to the
Simple_Uppercase_Mapping given in the example for format "a"). The only difference
between the two in the ranges shown is that the code point at 0x0149 (LATIN SMALL
LETTER N PRECEDED BY APOSTROPHE) maps to a string of two characters, 0x02BC (MODIFIER
LETTER APOSTROPHE) followed by 0x004E (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N).
No adjustments are needed to entries that are references to arrays; each such entry
will have exactly one element in its range, so the offset is always 0.
"ae"
This is like "a", but some elements are the empty string, and should not be adjusted.
The one internal Perl property accessible by "prop_invmap" is of this type:
"Perl_Decimal_Digit" returns an inversion map which gives the numeric values that are
represented by the Unicode decimal digit characters. Characters that don't represent
decimal digits map to the empty string, like so:
@digits @values
0x0000 ""
0x0030 0
0x003A: ""
0x0660: 0
0x066A: ""
0x06F0: 0
0x06FA: ""
0x07C0: 0
0x07CA: ""
0x0966: 0
...
This means that the code points from 0 to 0x2F do not represent decimal digits; the
code point 0x30 (DIGIT ZERO) represents 0; code point 0x31, (DIGIT ONE), represents
0+1-0 = 1; ... code point 0x39, (DIGIT NINE), represents 0+9-0 = 9; ... code points
0x3A through 0x65F do not represent decimal digits; 0x660 (ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO),
represents 0; ... 0x07C1 (NKO DIGIT ONE), represents 0+1-0 = 1 ...
"ale"
is a combination of the "al" type and the "ae" type. Some of the map array elements
have the forms given by "al", and the rest are the empty string. The property
"NFKC_Casefold" has this form. An example slice is:
@$ranges_ref @$maps_ref Note
...
0x00AA 97 FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR => 'a'
0x00AB 0
0x00AD SOFT HYPHEN => ""
0x00AE 0
0x00AF [ 0x0020, 0x0304 ] MACRON => SPACE . COMBINING MACRON
0x00B0 0
...
"ar"
means that all the elements of the map array are either rational numbers or the string
"NaN", meaning "Not a Number". A rational number is either an integer, or two
integers separated by a solidus ("/"). The second integer represents the denominator
of the division implied by the solidus, and is actually always positive, so it is
guaranteed not to be 0 and to not to be signed. When the element is a plain integer
(without the solidus), it may need to be adjusted to get the correct value by adding
the offset, just as other "a" properties. No adjustment is needed for fractions, as
the range is guaranteed to have just a single element, and so the offset is always 0.
If you want to convert the returned map to entirely scalar numbers, you can use
something like this:
my ($invlist_ref, $invmap_ref, $format) = prop_invmap($property);
if ($format && $format eq "ar") {
map { $_ = eval $_ } @$invmap_ref;
}
Here's some entries from the output of the property "Nv", which has format "ar".
@numerics_ranges @numerics_maps Note
0x00 "NaN"
0x30 0 DIGIT 0 .. DIGIT 9
0x3A "NaN"
0xB2 2 SUPERSCRIPTs 2 and 3
0xB4 "NaN"
0xB9 1 SUPERSCRIPT 1
0xBA "NaN"
0xBC 1/4 VULGAR FRACTION 1/4
0xBD 1/2 VULGAR FRACTION 1/2
0xBE 3/4 VULGAR FRACTION 3/4
0xBF "NaN"
0x660 0 ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO .. NINE
0x66A "NaN"
"n" means the Name property. All the elements of the map array are simple scalars, but
some of them contain special strings that require more work to get the actual name.
Entries such as:
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-<code point>
mean that the name for the code point is "CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-" with the code point
(expressed in hexadecimal) appended to it, like "CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3403"
(similarly for "CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-<code point>").
Also, entries like
<hangul syllable>
means that the name is algorithmically calculated. This is easily done by the
function "charnames::viacode(code)" in charnames.
Note that for control characters ("Gc=cc"), Unicode's data files have the string
""<control>"", but the real name of each of these characters is the empty string.
This function returns that real name, the empty string. (There are names for these
characters, but they are considered aliases, not the Name property name, and are
contained in the "Name_Alias" property.)
"ad"
means the Decomposition_Mapping property. This property is like "al" properties,
except that one of the scalar elements is of the form:
<hangul syllable>
This signifies that this entry should be replaced by the decompositions for all the
code points whose decomposition is algorithmically calculated. (All of them are
currently in one range and no others outisde the range are likely to ever be added to
Unicode; the "n" format has this same entry.) These can be generated via the function
Unicode::Normalize::NFD().
Note that the mapping is the one that is specified in the Unicode data files, and to
get the final decomposition, it may need to be applied recursively.
Note that a format begins with the letter "a" if and only the property it is for requires
adjustments by adding the offsets in multi-element ranges. For all these properties, an
entry should be adjusted only if the map is a scalar which is an integer. That is, it
must match the regular expression:
/ ^ -? \d+ $ /xa
Further, the first element in a range never needs adjustment, as the adjustment would be
just adding 0.
A binary search can be used to quickly find a code point in the inversion list, and hence
its corresponding mapping.
The final element (index [3], assigned to $default in the "block" example) in the four
element list returned by this function may be useful for applications that wish to convert
the returned inversion map data structure into some other, such as a hash. It gives the
mapping that most code points map to under the property. If you establish the convention
that any code point not explicitly listed in your data structure maps to this value, you
can potentially make your data structure much smaller. As you construct your data
structure from the one returned by this function, simply ignore those ranges that map to
this value, generally called the "default" value. For example, to convert to the data
structure searchable by "charinrange()", you can follow this recipe for properties that
don't require adjustments:
my ($list_ref, $map_ref, $format, $missing) = prop_invmap($property);
my @range_list;
# Look at each element in the list, but the -2 is needed because we
# look at $i+1 in the loop, and the final element is guaranteed to map
# to $missing by prop_invmap(), so we would skip it anyway.
for my $i (0 .. @$list_ref - 2) {
next if $map_ref->[$i] eq $missing;
push @range_list, [ $list_ref->[$i],
$list_ref->[$i+1],
$map_ref->[$i]
];
}
print charinrange(\@range_list, $code_point), "\n";
With this, "charinrange()" will return "undef" if its input code point maps to $missing.
You can avoid this by omitting the "next" statement, and adding a line after the loop to
handle the final element of the inversion map.
Similarly, this recipe can be used for properties that do require adjustments:
for my $i (0 .. @$list_ref - 2) {
next if $map_ref->[$i] eq $missing;
# prop_invmap() guarantees that if the mapping is to an array, the
# range has just one element, so no need to worry about adjustments.
if (ref $map_ref->[$i]) {
push @range_list,
[ $list_ref->[$i], $list_ref->[$i], $map_ref->[$i] ];
}
else { # Otherwise each element is actually mapped to a separate
# value, so the range has to be split into single code point
# ranges.
my $adjustment = 0;
# For each code point that gets mapped to something...
for my $j ($list_ref->[$i] .. $list_ref->[$i+1] -1 ) {
# ... add a range consisting of just it mapping to the
# original plus the adjustment, which is incremented for the
# next time through the loop, as the offset increases by 1
# for each element in the range
push @range_list,
[ $j, $j, $map_ref->[$i] + $adjustment++ ];
}
}
}
Note that the inversion maps returned for the "Case_Folding" and "Simple_Case_Folding"
properties do not include the Turkic-locale mappings. Use "casefold()" for these.
"prop_invmap" does not know about any user-defined properties, and will return "undef" if
called with one of those.
Unicode::UCD::UnicodeVersion
This returns the version of the Unicode Character Database, in other words, the version of
the Unicode standard the database implements. The version is a string of numbers
delimited by dots ('.').
Blocks versus Scripts
The difference between a block and a script is that scripts are closer to the linguistic
notion of a set of code points required to present languages, while block is more of an
artifact of the Unicode code point numbering and separation into blocks of (mostly) 256
code points.
For example the Latin script is spread over several blocks, such as "Basic Latin", "Latin
1 Supplement", "Latin Extended-A", and "Latin Extended-B". On the other hand, the Latin
script does not contain all the characters of the "Basic Latin" block (also known as
ASCII): it includes only the letters, and not, for example, the digits or the punctuation.
For blocks see <http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Blocks.txt>
For scripts see UTR #24: <http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr24/>
Matching Scripts and Blocks
Scripts are matched with the regular-expression construct "\p{...}" (e.g. "\p{Tibetan}"
matches characters of the Tibetan script), while "\p{Blk=...}" is used for blocks (e.g.
"\p{Blk=Tibetan}" matches any of the 256 code points in the Tibetan block).
Old-style versus new-style block names
Unicode publishes the names of blocks in two different styles, though the two are
equivalent under Unicode's loose matching rules.
The original style uses blanks and hyphens in the block names (except for "No_Block"),
like so:
Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B
The newer style replaces these with underscores, like this:
Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols_B
This newer style is consistent with the values of other Unicode properties. To preserve
backward compatibility, all the functions in Unicode::UCD that return block names (except
one) return the old-style ones. That one function, "prop_value_aliases()" can be used to
convert from old-style to new-style:
my $new_style = prop_values_aliases("block", $old_style);
Perl also has single-form extensions that refer to blocks, "In_Cyrillic", meaning
"Block=Cyrillic". These have always been written in the new style.
To convert from new-style to old-style, follow this recipe:
$old_style = charblock((prop_invlist("block=$new_style"))[0]);
(which finds the range of code points in the block using "prop_invlist", gets the lower
end of the range (0th element) and then looks up the old name for its block using
"charblock").
Note that starting in Unicode 6.1, many of the block names have shorter synonyms. These
are always given in the new style.
BUGS
Does not yet support EBCDIC platforms.
AUTHOR
Jarkko Hietaniemi. Now maintained by perl5 porters.
perl v5.16.3 2013-03-04 Unicode::UCD(3pm)
Generated by $Id: phpMan.php,v 4.55 2007/09/05 04:42:51 chedong Exp $ Author: Che Dong
On Apache/2.4.6 (CentOS)
Under GNU General Public License
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